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List of Illustrations=xi

Foreword=xiii

1. Introduction=1

Russia's Contested "Energy Weapon"=1

Soviet Natural Gas and the Hidden Integration of Europe=2

Dependence in the Making : A Systems Perspective=5

The Political Nature of the East-West Gas Trade=7

Outline of the Book=8

2. Before Siberia : The Rise of the Soviet Natural Gas Industry=13

Soviet Power and Natural Gas for the Whole Country=13

The Cold War Duel=15

Soviet System-Building : Interconnecting the Republics=20

The Rise and Stagnation of the Pipe and Equipment Industry=23

"A Big Surplus for Export"?=26

3. Toward an Export Strategy=31

From Central Asia to Siberia=31

Glavgaz and the West European Natural Gas Scene=34

Considering Exports : Opportunities and Risks=36

Seeking Cooperation with Italy and Austria=38

The Export Strategy Takes Shape=40

4. Austria : The Pioneer=45

The Austrian Fuel Complex : Nazi and Soviet Legacies=45

From SMV to ÖMV=46

Toward Imports : ÖMV versus Austria Ferngas=48

Rudolf Lukesch's Vision=50

The Six-Days War as a Disturbing Event=55

Negotiating the Gas Price=58

The Contract=63

5. Bavaria's Quest for Energy Independence=67

Natural Gas and the Politics of Isolation=67

Otto Schedl's Struggle against North German Coal=69

Toward Gas Imports : Negotiating Algeria=70

Soviet Gas for Bavaria? The Austrian Connection=73

Manipulated Conditions=75

Egon Bahr and the Steel Companies as Supporters=79

Alexei Sorokin's Charm Offensive=81

The Soviet Option Fades Away=86

6. From Contract to Flow : The Soviet-Austrian Experience=89

Interconnecting Austria, Czechoslovakia, and the Soviet Union=89

Importing Soviet Gas in Practice=91

The Galician Challenge=95

Ukraine as a Victim=97

Scaling Up Exports=101

The Unseen Crisis=102

7. Willy Brandt : Natural Gas as Ostpolitik=105

Toward a New Eastern Policy=106

What Role for Soviet Natural Gas?=109

From Politics to Business : Negotiating Price and Volumes=112

Finalizing the Contract=118

Shell and Esso : Lobbying against Unwelcome Competition=122

Seeking Coordination with Italy and France=125

The Significance of the Soviet-German Natural Gas Deal=129

From European to American Imports of Soviet Natural Gas?=131

8. Constructing the Export Infrastructure=135

Siberian Megalomania=135

Arctic System-Building=138

The Ukrainian Crisis and Kortunov's Death=143

Desperation and Chaos=147

9. Trusting the Enemy : Importing Soviet Gas in Practice=151

Enabling Transit through Czechoslovakia and Austria=151

Doubts in Bavaria=154

In Case of Emergency=156

On the Verge of Breakdown=159

Perceived Success=162

10. Scale Up or Phase Out?=167

A Turbulent Energy Era=167

Involving Iran=172

Doubts in the Kremlin=177

Envisaging the "Yamal" Pipeline=179

Opposition from the United States=184

The Compressor Embargo=188

Europe's Contested Vulnerability=190

11. From Soviet to Russian Natural Gas=197

Surging Dependence=197

The Biggest Geopolitical Disaster of the Twentieth Century?=202

Intentional Disruptions=204

Managing Dependence=210

The "Molotov-Ribbentrop" Pipeline=212

12. Conclusion=217

Dependence in Retrospect : Four Phases=218

Energy Weapons : Real and Imagined=220

Understanding Europe's Enthusiasm=224

A Gradual Learning Process=226

The Evolution of a Transnational System=229

The Soviet Union as a Victim=232

A Long Duration=233

Acknowledgments=237

Notes=239

Bibliography=263

Index=269

Table

1.1. West European dependence on Russian natural gas as of 2011, by country=3

Figures

1.1. Soviet/Russian natural gas exports to Western Europe, 1968-2011=4

2.1. Alexei Kortunov(1907-1973)=16

2.2. Soviet natural gas commercial reserves, 1950-1960=18

2.3. Soviet natural gas production, 1950-1965=20

2.4. Map of the Soviet pipeline system as of the early 1960s=22

3.1. Soviet natural gas commercial reserves, 1950-1966=32

4.1. Proposed international pipeline and LNG links for the supply of Austria, Italy, and Spain with natural gas=49

4.2. Thyssenrohr's pipe factory at Mülheim(Ruhr)=53

4.3. The vision of a Trans-European Pipeline for exports of Siberian natural gas to Austria, Italy, and France=56

5.1. Alexei Sorokin and Heinrich Kaun=83

6.1. Austrian minister of transportation Ludwig Weiss and Soviet gas minister Alexei Kortunov=92

6.2. ÖMV's new compressor hall at Baumgarten, built for incoming Soviet gas=93

6.3. Production of natural gas in western Ukraine, 1950-1980=96

6.4. Map of gas fields and long-distance gas pipelines in the Ukrainian SSR as of the late 1960s=98

7.1. Herbert Schelberger, Ruhrgas' chairman and main negotiator in the Soviet-German gas and pipe talks=113

7.2. Bavarian minister of economy Otto Schedl and Soviet minister of foreign trade Nikolai Patolichev in Moscow, August 1969=116

7.3. Alternative transit vision for Soviet natural gas=127

8.1. Planned Soviet gas flows from Siberia and Central Asia to the European part of the USSR=136

8.2. Soviet gas reserves, 1950-1971=137

8.3. Planned pipeline routes for the transmission of Komi and Siberian gas to Leningrad, the Baltics, and Belarus=139

8.4. Bear cub found along the Northern Lights pipeline route=141

8.5. Production of natural gas in western and eastern Ukraine, 1950-1980=145

9.1. Construction of the first transit pipeline through Czechoslovakia, July 1971=152

10.1. Exports of Iranian gas to Western Europe, with transit through the Soviet Union, as envisaged in the 1975 tripartite deal=176

10.2. Gas consumption in OECD Europe, 1970-1981=186

10.3. The integrated gas system of Western Europe as of 1980=194

11.1. Italian technicians from Nuovo Pignone adjusting electronic equipment at one of the new compressor stations along the Yamal(Urengoi-Uzhgorod) pipeline=199

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Red gas : Russia and the origins of European energy dependence 이용현황 표 - 등록번호, 청구기호, 권별정보, 자료실, 이용여부로 구성 되어있습니다.
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This book provides an alternative approach to analyzing Western Europe's much-debated dependence on Russian natural gas. The actual and potential consequences of this dependence have in recent years become a growing concern both in individual importing countries and at the level of the European Union. Russian gas exports have come to decisively influence EU-Russia relations and there is nowadays hardly any aspect of these relations that can be discussed without, directly or indirectly, taking into account natural gas. But despite the central importance of Russian natural gas exports in present-day European and Russian affairs, little attention has been paid to the political and economic decisions that ? starting in the late 1960s ? paved the way for large-scale imports of Russian gas. Applying a systems and risk perspective on international energy relations, author Per Hogselius investigates how and why governments, businesses, engineers and other actors sought to promote ? and oppose? the establishment of an extensive East-West natural gas regime that seemed to overthrow the fundamental logic of the Cold War.

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