영문목차

Preface=xxv

About the Authors=xxxi

Acknowledgements=xxxiii

Chapter 1. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION : THEN AND NOW=2

Criminal Investigation and the Detective are Born=4

The First Detectives : London's Bow Street Runners=4

Eugène Vidocq : The Father of Criminal Investigation=4

The First Police Detective Branch at London's Scotland Yard=5

Fictional Sleuths=6

Sherlock Holmes Invents Crime Solving by Deduction=6

The First Scientific Investigators of Crime=6

American Criminal Investigation=7

The Prescientific Period=7

The First Wave of American Investigators=7

The Scientific Period=11

The First Investigative Crime Laboratory=11

Calvin Goddard : The Study of Ballistics Goes to Trial=11

The FBI Turns to Scientific Investigation=12

The Academic Innovations of Investigative Science by Paul Kirk=12

Criminalistics and the Forensic Sciences : Contributions of the Scientific Era to Today's Crime Lab=13

The Technological Period=13

Suspect Information and Fingerprint Databases=13

The Pitchfork Case : Sir Alec Jeffreys Discovers DNA Fingerprinting=15

Homeland Security and the War on Terror=16

A "Real World" Approach to the Study of Criminal Investigation=16

Summary=18

Key Terms=19

Review Questions=19

Internet Resources=20

Notes=20

Chapter 2. INVESTIGATORS, INVESTIGATIONS, AND THE LAW=22

Establishing That a Crime has been Committed=24

Corpus Delicti=24

Elements of the Crime=24

Actus Reus and Mens Rea=25

Gathering Evidence to Prove the Crime=26

Reasonable Suspicion and Probable Cause=26

Search Warrants=26

Warrantless Searches=31

Illegal Searches=35

Identifying and Arresting Suspects=36

Consensual Encounter=36

Detention=37

Arrest=37

Building a Case for Trial=39

Summary=41

Key Terms=42

Review Questions=42

Internet Resources=43

Applied Investigative Exercise=43

Notes=43

Chapter 3. THE PROCESS OF INVESTIGATING CRIME=44

Criminal Investigators : The Specialists of Criminal Investigation=46

Investigators, Detectives, Inspectors, and Special Agents=46

Essential Traits of Investigators=47

The Investigative Team=47

The Goals and Objectives of Criminal Investigation=48

Hot, Warm, and Cold Cases=49

The Stages of Investigation=50

Stage 1. Crime Detection=50

Stage 2. The Preliminary Investigation=50

Stage 3. The Follow-up Investigation=50

Stage 4. Case Preparation and Prosecution=51

The Preliminary Investigation : The First Responder's Role=51

The Investigator's Arrival at the Crime Scene=57

Examining the Crime Scene=60

Processing the Crime Scene=62

Photographing the Crime Scene=62

Initial Photographs : Capture the Crime Scene and Mark Evidence=63

Photographic Equipment and Methods=64

Telling the Crime Story with Photos=64

Specialized Crime Scene Photographic Techniques=67

Forensic Videography=69

Crime Scene Sketching=69

Taking Crime Scene Measurements=72

Rectangular Coordinates=72

Triangulation=73

Baseline Coordinates=73

Polar Coordinates=74

The Total Station and Advanced Crime Scene Imaging=74

Searching the Crime Scene=74

Objectives of the Search=74

Search Strategies=74

Crime Scene Search Methods=74

Completing the Preliminary Investigation=78

Summary=78

Key Terms=79

Review Questions=79

Internet Resources=80

Applied Investigative Exercise=80

Notes=80

Chapter 4. IDENTIFYING, COLLECTING, AND PRESERVING PHYSICAL EVIDENCE=82

Classifying Physical Evidence=84

Types of Physical Evidence=84

Class and Individual Characteristics=85

Making an Identification=86

Obtaining Physical Evidence=86

Locard's Exchange Principle=86

Comparison Samples=87

Chain of Custody=87

The Evidence Collection Process=88

Alternate Light Sources=88

Fingerprints=89

Fingerprint Characteristics=89

Categories of Prints=90

Locating Prints=90

Capturing Prints=91

Hard and Nonporous Surfaces : Powder Developers=92

Soft and Porous Surfaces : Chemical Developers=92

Order of Applications=94

Securing and Packaging Fingerprint Evidence=95

Object Print and Impression Evidence=96

Photographic Techniques=96

Evidence Collection and Preservation Methods=97

Casting Impressions=97

Tire Impressions=97

Obtaining Matching Physical Evidence=100

Tool Mark Evidence=101

Firearms Evidence=102

Handling Firearms=103

Ammunition Evidence=104

Gunshot Residue(GSR)=104

Ballistics Evidence=105

Classifying and Individualizing Firearms Evidence=105

Arson Evidence=108

Blood Evidence=108

Identifying Blood Evidence=108

Collecting Blood Evidence=108

Testing for the Presence of Blood=109

Blood Spatter=111

Special Blood Spatter Indicators=112

Dental Evidence=114

Skeletal Remains=115

Soil, Dust, and Botanical Evidence=116

Soil=116

Dust and Botanicals=117

Glass Evidence=118

Classifying Glass=118

Individualizing Glass=119

Origin and Direction Fractures=119

Cause of Breakage=120

Order of Impact=120

Vehicle Lamp Evidence=121

Handling Glass Evidence=121

Hairs, Fibers, Cordage, and Tape=122

Paint Evidence=123

Abrasive Evidence=124

Questioned Documents=124

Handwriting Analysis and Comparison=125

Other Documents Examinations=125

Analytical Techniques=125

Crime Scene Reconstruction Through Physical Evidence=125

Summary=130

Key Terms=130

Review Questions=131

Internet Resources=131

Applied Investigative Exercise=132

Notes=132

Chapter 5. INVESTIGATIVE INTERVIEWING AND INTERROGATION=134

The Goals of Interviewing and Interrogation=136

Interviewing Witnesses=136

Preinterview Activities=136

The Friendly Witness=137

The Neutral Witness=139

The Hostile Witness=139

Cognitive Interviewing=140

Eyewitness Accounts=140

Interviewing Special Witnesses=141

Documenting Interviews=142

Conducting a Showup=142

Interrogating Suspects=143

Preinterrogation Activities=144

Interrogation Techniques=144

The Reid Nine-Step Technique=144

Good Cop/Bad Cop=146

Neuro Linguistic Programming=147

The Behavioral Analysis Interview=148

Interrogation Profiling=148

Kinesics Analysis=148

Baiting the Suspect=149

Documenting Interrogations=149

False Confessions=149

Interrogating Special Suspects=150

Other Deception Detection Methods=151

The Polygraph=151

Brain Fingerprinting=152

Voice Stress Analysis=153

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging=153

Clinical Hypnosis=153

Truth Serum=153

Legal Requirements=154

Miranda Warnings=154

Exceptions to Miranda Warnings=155

Post-Miranda Warning Actions=156

Miranda Waivers=156

Legal Requirements for Juveniles=156

Applying Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques=157

Summary=159

Key Terms=160

Review Questions=160

Internet Resources=161

Applied Investigative Exercise=161

Notes=161

Chapter 6. INVESTIGATIVE REPORT WRITING=162

Taking Field Notes=163

Field Note Content=164

Strategies for Taking Effective Field Notes=166

Writing Incident/Crime Reports=167

Preparation of the Report=168

General Report Writing Tips=171

Specialized Crime Reporting Formats=172

Report Classifications=174

Supplemental Reports=174

Report Writing Technology=175

Investigative Report Writing in the "Real World"=176

Summary=178

Key Terms=178

Review Questions=178

Internet Resources=179

Applied Investigative Exercise=179

Notes=179

Chapter 7. DEVELOPING INVESTIGATIVE LEADS AND INTELLIGENCE=180

Investigative Leads Vs. Criminal Intelligence=182

Proactive Investigative Information=182

Reactive Investigative Information=183

Follow-up Investigations=183

The Follow-up Investigation Process=183

Database and Records Checks=184

The NCIC Database=184

Other Public and Private Databases=185

Internal Records Examinations=186

Surveillance=187

Presurveillance Activities=188

Conducting the Surveillance=188

Countersurveillance=189

Electronic Surveillance=190

Wiretapping=190

Pen/Trap Devices=191

Informants=193

Undercover Operations=193

Sting Operations=194

Photo and Live Lineups=194

Criminal Intelligence=196

A Brief History of Criminal Intelligence=196

Types of Intelligence=196

Police Intelligence Units=197

Fusion Centers=197

Intelligence-Led Policing=198

Criminal Intelligence Analytic Methods=199

Geoprofiling=199

Crime Pattern Analysis=199

Linkage Analysis=200

Event Flow Analysis=200

Commodity Flow Analysis=201

Visual Investigative Analysis=201

Threat and Vulnerability Analysis=202

Behavioral Investigative Methods : Criminal Profiling=202

The Crime Profiling Method=202

Profiling Serial Offenders=203

Altered Crime Scenes=205

Criminal Profiling Assistance Provided by the FBI=206

Victimology and Lifestyle/Routines Analysis=207

Planning and Executing an Undercover Sting Operation=208

Summary=212

Key Terms=213

Review Questions=213

Internet Resources=214

Applied Investigative Exercise=214

Notes=214

Chapter 8. INVESTIGATION AND THE FORENSIC SCIENCES=216

Defining Forensic Science=218

Frye and Daubert Tests=218

Forensic Scientists=219

Crime Labs=220

Examination and Testing Procedures=220

Tests/Analytical Methods=222

Crime Lab Sections=223

Toxicology=223

Fingerprint Identification=224

Serology=226

Arson and Explosives=227

Firearms and Tool Marks=228

Trace Evidence=228

Questioned Documents=230

DNA Laboratory Analysis=231

The nDNA Genetic Fingerprint=231

nDNA Analysis Methods=232

Identifying the nDNA Fingerprint=232

nDNA Analysis Methods=233

Creating the nDNA Fingerprint=233

mtDNA Analysis=233

Codis and the Future of DNA=234

The Innocence Project=235

Other Forensic Sciences=235

Forensic Pathology=235

Forensic Anthropology=236

Forensic Entomology=237

Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry=238

Digital Forensic Science=238

Criticisms of the Forensic Sciences=239

From the Crime Scene to the Crime Lab=247

Summary=247

Key Terms=247

Review Questions=248

Internet Resources=248

Applied Investigative Exercise=248

Notes=248

Chapter 9. HOMICIDE AND WOUNDING SCENES=250

Homicide Investigation=252

The Legal Definition of Homicide=252

Murder vs. Manslaughter=252

Justified or Excusable Homicides=253

Nonhomicides=254

Classifying Homicides=255

Characteristics of Homicide=255

The First Response to Homicide Scenes=255

Opening Homicide Cases=257

Postmortem Indicators=258

Livor Mortis(Lividity)=258

Rigor Mortis=259

Algor Mortis=260

Decomposed Bodies=260

Skeletal Remains=261

Gunshot Scenes=262

Entry Wounds=262

Exit Wounds=263

Shooting Distance=263

Type of Weapon=264

Shooting Trajectory=264

Reentry Wounds=264

Multiple Shots=265

Shooting Behavior=265

Reconstructing a Shooting Scene=265

Shotgun Shootings=270

Contact Wounds=270

Close Wounds=270

Intermediate Wounds=270

Distant Wounds=270

Shotgun Choke=270

Creating Shotgun Distance Standards=270

Suicide Shootings=271

Reconstructing a Suspicious Death Scene=272

Stabbing Scenes=275

Stab Wound Characteristics=275

Wound Marginals=275

Wound Length=276

Wound Width=276

Wound Depth=276

Suicide by Sharp Objects=276

Reconstructing a Stabbing Death Scene=277

Blunt Force Trauma Scenes=279

Asphyxiation Scenes=280

Suffocation=280

Smothering=280

Choking=280

Drowning=280

Chemical Asphyxiation=281

Strangulation=281

Manual Strangulation=282

Ligature Strangulation=282

Hanging Strangulation=282

Poisoning Scenes=286

Homicide Typologies=287

Summary=288

Key Terms=289

Review Questions=289

Internet Sources=290

Applied Investigative Exercise=290

Notes=290

Chapter 10. SEXUAL ASSAULT SCENES=292

Legal Definitions of Rape and Sexual Assault=294

Megan's Law=295

Typologies of Rape=295

Characteristics of Rape Offenders and Victims=296

First Response to the Sexual Assault Scene=296

Victims=296

Suspects=297

Witnesses=297

Beginning the Sexual Assault Investigation=297

Rape Trauma Syndrome=297

Handling Sexual Assault Hot Cases=298

Special Considerations at the Sexual Assault Crime Scene=298

The Follow-Up Investigative Interview=300

Conducting the Sexual Assault Victim Interview=300

Physical Characteristics of the Suspect's Body=301

Details of the Sexual Attack=301

Biological Evidence of Sexual Assault=305

The Sexual Assault Examination=306

Victims Who Refuse Medical Treatment=308

False Rape Accusations=308

Criminal Investigative Analysis of Rapists=309

Rape Classifications=310

Development of the Analysis=312

Paraphilias and Deviant Sex Acts=311

Fetishism=312

Exhibitionism=312

Voyeurism=312

Telephone Scatologia=312

Frotteurism=312

Necrophilia=312

Technophilia=315

Sado-Masochism=315

Partialism=315

Hypoxyphilia=315

Sex Crimes Against Children=315

The Inductive Pedophile=315

The Fixated Pedophile=315

The Regressed Pedophile=316

The Exploitative Pedophile=316

The Aggressive Pedophile=316

Reconstructing a Suspected Serial Rape Scene=318

Summary=318

Key Terms=319

Review Questions=319

Internet Resources=320

Applied Investigative Exercise=320

Notes=320

Chapter 11. GANG CRIME SCENES=322

Street Gangs and the Law=324

Identifying Street Gangs=324

Validation of Street Gang Membership=325

Recognizing Gang Crimes=325

The Gang Investigator's Role=326

The Nature of Street Gang Crime=327

Drive-By Shootings=328

The Planned Drive-by=328

The Spontaneous Drive-by=328

First Response to the Gang Crime Scene=329

Street Gang Investigative Indicators=334

Weapons=335

Firearms=335

Weapon(s) Discovery=335

Ballistics Evidence=335

Graffiti=336

Hand Signs and Verbalization=336

Street Gang Organizational Structure=336

Peripherals or Wannabes=336

Associate or Affiliate Members=336

Hard-Core Members=337

Cliques=337

Female Gang Members=337

Race/Ethnicity=337

West Coast Street Gangs=337

Latino Street Gangs=338

African-American Street Gangs=339

Asian Street Gangs=341

Caucasian Street Gangs=342

Midwest and East Coast Street Gangs=344

Prison Gangs=345

Race and Prison Gangs=345

Organizational Structure and Leadership of Prison Gangs=345

Recognition of Prison Gangs=347

Modes of Communication=347

Relations with Street Gangs=347

Relations with Police=347

Reconstructing a Gang Crime Scene=348

Summary=351

Key Terms=352

Review Questions=352

Internet Resources=353

Applied Investigative Exercise=353

Notes=353

Chapter 12. ROBBERY SCENES=354

Robbery Characteristics=356

The Crime of Robbery=356

Robbery Offenders=356

Armed and Strong Arm Robbery=356

Investigative Tactics=357

Bank Robberies=359

Bank Robbery Methods=359

Amateur and Professional Bank Robbers=361

ATM Robberies=362

Taxi Cab Robberies=362

Convenience Store Robberies=363

Home Invasion Robberies=367

Drug Robberies=368

Freight Robberies=368

Armored Truck Robberies=369

False Robbery Claims=369

Reconstructing a Robbery Crime Scene=370

Summary=373

Key Terms=374

Review Questions=374

Internet Resources=374

Applied Investigative Exercise=375

Notes=375

Chapter 13. BURGLARY SCENES=376

Burglary and the Law=377

Residential Burglary=378

Targeted Households=379

First Response to the Burglary Scene=380

Preliminary Burglary Investigation=380

The Burglary Walk-Through=381

Point of Entry=381

Point of Exit=382

Items Stolen and Offender Behavior=382

Evidence Search and Collection=383

Nonresidential Burglaries=385

Commercial Burglaries=385

Safe, ATM, and Machine Burglaries=385

Vehicle Burglaries=386

Burglar Typologies=387

Marketing Stolen Property=388

Fences and Stolen Property=389

Illegal Markets=389

Investigative Tactics=390

Burglary Preventative Measures=390

Reconstructing a Residential Burglary Crime Scene=391

Summary=395

Key Terms=396

Review Questions=396

Internet Resources=396

Applied Investigative Exercise=396

Notes=396

Chapter 14. LARCENY-THEFT SCENES=398

The Crime of Larceny-Theft=400

Legal Definitions=400

The Elements of Larceny-Theft=400

Nature and Extent of Larceny-Theft Crimes=401

Shoplifting=402

Shoplifting and Financial Losses=402

Shoplifting Offender Characteristics=402

Shoplifting Investigative Methods=403

Employee Theft=404

Identity Theft=405

Crimes Related to ID Theft=406

Credit Card and Check Fraud=407

Credit Card Fraud=407

Check Fraud=408

ATM Scams=409

Health Care Fraud=410

Mortgage Fraud=411

Insurance Fraud=412

Telephone and Telemarketing Fraud=413

Scams, Schemes, and Cons=413

419 Advance Fee Fraud=413

Ponzi Schemes=415

Pyramid Schemes=415

Pump and Dump Scams=415

Romance Cons=415

Counterfeiting=416

Reconstructing a Larceny Theft Crime Scene=419

Summary=422

Key Terms=422

Review Questions=422

Internet Resources=423

Applied Investigative Exercise=423

Notes=423

Chapter 15. VEHICLE THEFT SCENES=424

Grand Theft Auto and Related Vehicle Theft Laws=426

Vehicle Theft and the Law=426

Recent State and Federal Laws Related to Stolen Vehicles=426

Vehicle Theft Trends and Characteristics=427

Reasons for Vehicle Theft=428

Joyriding=428

Short-Term Transportation=428

Long-Term Transportation=428

Profit=429

Insurance Fraud=429

Committing a Crime=429

Trade for Drugs=429

Motives for Vehicle Break-Ins=430

Vehicle Break-In Methods=430

Vehicle Theft Methods=432

Professional Vehicle Theft=434

Chopping for Parts and Scrap Metal=434

Strip and Run=434

VIN Switching=435

Salvage Switching=435

Counterfeit VIN=435

Body Switching=435

Vehicle Exporting=435

Vehicle Theft Rings=436

Carjacking=437

Vehicle Insurance Fraud=438

Odometer Rollbacks=439

Vehicle Identification Number=439

Reading the Vehicle Identification Number=440

Vehicle Databases and Information Sources=441

Databases=441

Other Sources=442

Nonautomotive Vehicle Theft=442

Motorcycle Theft=442

Marine Theft=443

Heavy Equipment Theft=443

Reconstructing an Auto Theft Crime Scene=444

Summary=447

Key Terms=448

Review Questions=448

Internet Resources=449

Applied Investigative Exercise=449

Notes=449

Chapter 16. COMPUTER CRIME SCENES=450

Types of Computer Crimes=452

Tools Used In Computer Crimes=454

Profiling the Computer Criminal=456

Novice=457

Cyber-Punks=457

Internals=457

Coders=457

Old Guard Hackers=457

Professional Criminals=457

Information Warriors and Cyber Terrorists=457

Responding to Computer Crimes=457

Computer System=458

Storage Devices=458

Computer Evidence Collection and Preservation=459

Stand-Alone Home Personal Computer=460

Network Home Personal Computer=460

Storage Media Devices=460

Packaging, Transportation, and Storage=460

Investigative Laws and Computer Crimes=460

Digital Forensics=461

Acquisition=461

Validation and Discrimination=461

Extraction=462

Reconstruction=462

Reporting=462

Cyber Terrorism=463

Reconstructing a Computer Crime Scene=464

Summary=467

Key Terms=468

Review Questions=468

Internet Resources=468

Applied Investigative Exercise=468

Notes=469

Chapter 17. ARSON AND EXPLOSION SCENES=470

The Crime of Arson=472

Arson Laws=472

Investigating Arson=472

Legal Concerns=473

The Anatomy of Fire=473

Investigating the Burn Site=473

The Point of Origin=473

The Overhaul=474

Multiple Points of Origin=474

Accelerants=474

Indicators of Accelerant Use=474

Inverted "V" Burn Patterns=474

Floor and Rundown Burning=475

Streamers/Trailers=475

Early Smoke Color=475

Alligatoring of Wood=475

Melted Metals=476

Situational Indicators of Arson=476

Target Location=476

Target Preparation=476

Ignition Devices=476

Calling 911=477

Fire Watching=477

The Great Arson Impersonator : Flashover=477

Vehicle Fires=478

Dead Bodies at the Fire Scene=478

Arsonist Profiles=478

Reconstructing an Arson Crime Scene=484

Bomb and Explosions Investigation=484

Mechanical Explosives=489

Chemical Explosions=489

Explosives and Bombs=490

High Explosives=490

Low Explosives=490

Preblast Investigations=490

Postblast Investigations=491

Preliminary Assessment of the Explosion Scene=491

Establish the Perimeters=492

Determine the Search Method=492

Examine the Epicenter=492

Assess the Type of Explosion=492

Determine the Type of Explosive=492

Collect the Evidence=494

Vehicle Bombings=495

Reconstructing an Explosion Crime Scene=495

Summary=497

Key Terms=498

Review Questions=498

Internet Resources=499

Applied Investigative Exercise=499

Notes=499

Chapter 18. DRUG CRIME SCENES=500

Drug Classifications=502

Narcotics=502

Stimulants=502

Depressants=503

Hallucinogens=504

Inhalants=504

The Controlled Substances Act=505

Schedule I Drugs=505

Schedule II Drugs=509

Schedule III Drugs=511

Schedule IV Drugs=512

Schedule V Drugs=512

Nonscheduled Inhalants=512

Drug Production and Manufacturing Locations=512

Grow Houses=512

Grow Fields=515

Rock Houses=515

Clandestine Laboratories=516

Specialized Drug Crime Investigation Methods=516

Undercover Drug Operations=516

Buy Operations=517

Drug Raids=518

Collection and Storage of Drug Evidence=520

Reconstructing a Drug Crime Scene=521

Summary=525

Key Terms=526

Review Questions=526

Internet Resources=526

Applied Investigative Exercise=526

Notes=527

Chapter 19. TRANSNATIONAL, DOMESTIC, AND NARCO-TERROR SCENES=528

Defining Terrorism=530

Past Political Definitions=530

The Patriot Act Redefines Terrorism=530

Types of Terrorism=531

Transnational Terrorism=531

Al-Qaeda=532

Taliban=532

Hezbollah=533

HAMAS=533

Other Terrorist Organizations=533

Transnational Terrorist Cell Structure=533

Motivations for Transnational Terrorism=534

Characteristics of Transnational Terror Attacks=534

Methods of Attack=534

Weapons, Injuries, and Deaths=536

Victims of Terrorism=538

Locations of Terror Attacks=538

Domestic Terrorism=538

Extremist Domestic Terror Groups=539

Socio-Political Terrorist Groups=539

Special Cause Terrorist Groups=540

Lone Wolf Terrorists=541

Narco-Terrorism=543

Mexican Narco-Terrorism=543

Human Trafficking=544

Transnational Terrorist Connections=545

Indicators of Terrorism and Initial Contact Questions=545

General Indicators=545

Initial Contact Questions=546

Special Terrorism Crime Scene Safety Concerns=546

Common Factors Among Terrorists=547

Reconstructing a Terrorist Attack Crime Scene=548

Summary=551

Key Terms=552

Review Questions=552

Internet Resources=552

Applied Investigative Exercise=553

Notes=553

Chapter 20. FROM THE CRIME SCENE TO THE COURTROOM=554

Prior to Case Filing=555

Case Evaluation=555

Trial Process=557

Testimony=559

Prior to Trial=560

On the Stand=560

Ethical Application in Investigations and the Court=561

Courtroom Dangers=562

Summary=563

Key Terms=563

Review Questions=563

Notes=564

Glossary=565

Name Index=585

Subject Index=589