영문목차

Table of Cases=xix

Preface=xxiii

Acknowledgments=xxv

Part I

Chapter 1. Drugs and Drug Use=3

A. What Is a Drug?=3

From Chocolate to Morphine : Everything You Need to Know about Mind-Altering Drugs / Andrew Weil ; Winifred Rosen=4

Drug Abuse in America : Problem in Perspective, Second Report / National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse=5

B. Perspectives on Substance Use, Abuse and Addiction=6

John Barleycorn / Jack London=7

Confessions of an English Opium Eater / Thomas De Quincey=9

Saying Yes : In Defense of Drug Use / Jacob Sullum=11

PiHKAL : A Chemical Love Story / Alexander Shulgin ; Ann Shulgin=13

Rethinking Addiction : Drugs, Deterrence, and the Neuroscience Revolution / Linda C. Fentiman=15

Chapter 2. Perspectives on Prohibition and Its Alternatives=19

A. Is Drug Criminalization Just?=20

Wisconsin v. Hoseman=20

On Liberty / John Stuart Mill=24

The Collapse of the Harm Principle / Barnard E. Harcourt=27

Illicit Drugs : A Test of Joel Feinberg's The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law / Douglas Husak=35

Render Unto Caesar That Which Is Caesar's, and Unto God That Which Is God's / Steven G. Calabresi=42

Ah Lim v. The Territory of Washington=44

The Cognitively Illiberal State / Dan M. Kahan=48

B. Does Drug Criminalization Work?=52

Setting Goals for Drug Policy : Harm Reduction or Use Reduction? / Jonathan P. Caulkins ; Peter Reuter=53

Federalism and Drug Control / Michael M. O'Hear=58

Drug Prohibition in the United States : Costs, Consequences, and Alternatives / Ethan A. Nadelmann=60

Against the Legalization of Drugs / James Q. Wilson=70

Drug Legalization : The Importance of Asking the Right Question / Mark A.R. Kleiman ; Aaron J. Saiger=77

C. The Marijuana Legalization Debate=84

Altered State : Assessing How Marijuana Legalization in California Could Influence Marijuana Consumption and Public Budgets / Beau Kilmer ; Jonathan P. Caulkins ; Rosalie Liccardo Pacula ; Robert J. MacCoun ; Peter H. Reuter=85

Legalizing Marijuana : California's Pot of Gold? / Michael Vitiello=90

Rationalizing Drug Policy Under Federalism / David W. Rasmussen ; Bruce L. Benson=95

The War on Marijuana : The Transformation of the War on Drugs in the 1990s / Ryan S. King ; Marc Mauer=97

D. The "War on Drugs"=101

1. Drug Prohibition and the Drug War=101

The Evolution of Federal Drug Control Legislation / Thomas M. Quinn ; Gerald T. McLaughlin=101

The Emerging Criminal War on Sex Offenders / Corey Rayburn Yung=109

2. Race, Class and the Drug War=113

Race, Drugs, and Law Enforcement in the United States / Jamie Fellner=114

The Pathological Politics of Criminal Law / William J. Stuntz=119

The New Jim Crow / Michelle Alexander=121

3. Incarceration and the Drug War=125

The Incarceration of Drug Offenders : An Overview / Dave Bewley-Taylor ; Chris Hallam ; Rob Allen=125

Part II

Chapter 3. Drug Crimes=131

A. Drug Possession=131

1. An Introduction to Drug Possession=132

Policing Possession : The War on Crime and the End of Criminal Law / Markus Dirk Dubber=132

Hawaii v. Hogue=134

2. Possession for Disposal=139

a. The Basic Rule=139

Stanton v. Florida=139

b. Length of Possession=141

California v. Martin=141

Utah v. Miller=147

c. What Qualifies as Disposal?=151

Adams v. Alaska=151

3. Actual Possession=155

United States v. Baggett=155

4. Constructive Possession=158

a. Introduction to Constructive Possession=158

Michigan v. Valot=158

b. Constructive Possession in Vehicles=163

Turner v. Georgia=163

Rivas v. United States=164

c. Constructive Possession in Open-Air Drug Markets=176

Bullock v. United States=176

d. Constructive Possession by Go-Betweens=180

United States v. Manzella=180

5. When Does a Drug Buyer Acquire Possession?=182

Epps v. Georgia=182

United States v. Kitchen=184

B. Trafficking Offenses=189

1. Distinguishing between Users and Sellers=189

Abuelhawa v. United States=190

2. Distribution and Possession with the Intent to Distribute=193

a. Proving an Intent to Distribute=193

California v. Peck=194

United States v. Hunt=195

b. Is Sharing between Users Distribution?=200

New Jersey v. Morrison=200

United States v. Wallace=205

3. Manufacture=209

a. Manufacture of Naturally Occurring Substances=209

North Carolina v. Childers=209

New Mexico v. Pratt=211

b. Proof of Manufacture=213

Saul v. Arkansas=213

C. Precursor Chemicals=216

United States v. Kim=216

4. Conspiracy and Continuing Criminal Enterprise=223

a. Drug Conspiracies and Minimally Involved Participants=223

United States v. Brigham=223

United States v. Burgos=226

Single Moms, Battered Women, and Other Sex-Based Anomalies in the Gender-Free World of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines / Myrna S. Reader=240

The Future of Federal Sentencing Policy : Learning Lessons from Republican Judicial Appointees in the Guidelines Era / David M. Zlotnick=241

b. Recommending a Source from Which to Buy Drugs=242

United States v. Tyler=242

c. When Do Purchasers Become Co-Conspirators with Sellers?=245

United States v. Colon=245

United States v. Caldwell=249

d. Continuing Criminal Enterprise and "Drug Kingpin" Laws=254

United States v. Witek=255

New Jersey v. Alexander=258

C. Mens Rea : Knowledge in Drug Offenses=265

1. Willful Blindness=265

United States v. Heredia=265

2. Knowledge of Drug Type and Quantity=275

United States v. Gomez=275

United States v. Caseer=277

3. Is Knowledge Constitutionally Required?=289

Shelton v. Department of Corrections=289

D. Proof of the Identity of a Substance=297

Identifying the Enemy in the War on Drugs : A Critique of the Developing Rule Permitting Visual Identification of Indescript White Powder in Narcotics Prosecutions / Michael D. Blanchard ; Gabriel J. Chin=297

Ohio v. McKee=299

E. Additional Controlled Substances Offenses=303

1. Maintaining a Drug-Involved Premises=303

United States v. Wilson=303

2. Firearms and Controlled Substances=305

United States v. Doody=305

3. Drug Free School Zones=308

A Moving Violation? Hypercriminalized Spaces and Fortuitous Presence in Drug Free School Zones / L. Buckner Inniss=308

United States v. Agilar=309

4. Driving Under the Influence=311

Burg v. Municipal Court=311

Slipping Through the Cracks : Why Can't We Stop Drugged Driving? / Tina Wescott Cafaro=316

5. Drug Paraphernalia=318

South Dakota v. Holway=318

Village of Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside=321

Lethal Injections : The Law, Science, and Politics of Syringe Access for Injection Drug Users / Scott Burris ; Steffanie A. Strathdee ; Jon S. Vernick=325

6. Pregnancy and Substance Use=328

Pregnant Drug Users, Fetal Persons, and the Threat to Roe v. Wade / Lynn M. Paltrow=328

Kentucky v. Welch=329

F. Constitutional Limitations on the Criminalization of Drug Use and Addiction=331

1. The Prohibition Against "Status" Crimes=332

Robinson v. California=332

Powell v. Texas=337

2. The Right to Privacy=345

Ravin v. Alaska=345

Chapter 4. Sentencing and Civil Sanctions=355

A. An Introduction to Sentencing=355

Speech at the American Bar Association Annual Meeting / Anthony M. Kennedy=355

Reconceptualizing Sentencing / Douglas A. Berman=356

An Introduction to Federal Sentencing / Henry J. Bemporad=358

B. Drug Quantity=361

1. The Importance of Drug Type and Quantity in Sentencing=362

Fifteen Years after the Federal Sentencing Revolution : How Mandatory Minimums Have Undermined Effective and Just Narcotics Sentencing / Ian Weinstein=362

The Reason Behind the Rules : Finding and Using the Philosophy of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines / Paul J. Hofer ; Mark H. Allenbaugh=363

United States v. De Varon=365

2. Measuring Drug Quantity=375

a. Carrier Mediums and Cutting Agents=375

Chapman v. United States=375

Minnesota v. Peck=383

Oregon v. Slovik=390

b. Calculating Drug Quantity in Conspiracy Cases=396

Weighing the Evidence : Drug Quantity Issues in Mandatory Minimum Cases / Kyle O'Dowd=396

United States v. Hickman=397

c. Counting Marijuana Plants=405

Pennsylvania v. Allen=405

C. Issues in Federal Drug Sentencing=408

1. The Federal Mandatory Minimum Provisions=408

Competing Sentencing Policies in a "War on Drugs" Era / Hon. William W. Wilkins, Jr. ; Phyllis J. Newton ; John R. Steer=409

Rethinking Mandatory Minimums / Stephen J. Schulhofer=411

2. The "Safety Valve"=414

a. The Requirement to Truthfully Provide Information=415

United States v. Reynoso=415

United States v. Brownlee=421

b. The Criminal History Provision=423

United States v. Boddie=423

3. Providing Substantial Assistance=426

United States v. Rounsavall=427

4. The Crack and Powder Cocaine Sentencing Disparity=430

United States v. Clary=430

5. Recidivism and Drug Sentencing=442

Rethinking Recidivist Enhancements : The Role of Prior Drug Convictions in Federal Sentencing / Sarah French Russell=442

D. Drug Sentencing and the Eighth Amendment=448

United States v. Angelos=448

Indirect Harms and Proportionality : The Upside-Down World of Federal Sentencing / Mark Osier=457

E. Prosecutorial Discretion=459

Unequal Justice : The Federalization of Criminal Law / Steven D. Clymer=460

United States v. Elliott=461

United States v. Dossie=465

F. Drug Courts=474

Embracing Addiction : Drug Courts and the False Promise of Judicial Intervention / Eric J. Miller=474

Drug Courts : A Review of the Evidence / Ryan S. King ; Jill Pasquarella=477

Contraindicated Drug Courts / Josh Bowers=479

America's Problem-Solving Courts : The Criminal Costs of Treatment and the Case for Reform=482

G. Civil Sanctions and Controls=484

1. Collateral Consequences of a Drug Conviction=484

a. An Overview of Collateral Consequences=484

"Collateral Damage" : No Re-Entry for Drug Offenders / Nora V. Demleitner=484

b. Public Housing=488

Department of Housing and Urban Development v. Rucker=488

2. Asset Forfeiture=492

The Forfeiture Racket / Radley Balko=492

Policing for Profit : The Drug War's Hidden Economic Agenda / Eric Blumenson ; Eva Nilsen=496

United States v. $124,700, in U.S. Currency=499

Chapter 5. Investigating Drug Crimes=505

A. Investigating Victimless Crimes=505

1. Police Participation in Drug Crimes=505

Breaking the Law to Enforce It : Undercover Police Participation in Crime / Elizabeth E. Joh=505

Missouri v. Torphy=507

a. Entrapment=508

United States v. Russell=508

Utah v. J.D.W.=517

b. Police Corruption=520

The Harmful Side Effects of Drug Prohibition / Randy Barnett=520

United States v. Reese=523

2. Informants=529

a. The Importance of Informants in Drug Investigations=529

Deregulating Guilt : The Information Culture of the Criminal System / Alexandra Natapoff=529

b. Reliability of Informants=531

United States v. Singleton=532

Beyond Unreliable : How Snitches Contribute to Wrongful Convictions / Alexandra Natapoff=539

Schalk v. Indiana=40

Nebraska v. Johnson=543

c. Informant Safety and Sanctioned Criminality=547

Coerced Informants and Thirteenth Amendment Limitations on the Police-Informant Relationship / Michael L. Rich=547

d. The Public Authority and Innocent Intent Defenses=550

United States v. Fulcher=550

3. Wiretaps=556

United States v. Meléndez-Santiago=557

B. Drug Investigations and the Fourth Amendment=559

1. Searches Following an Observed Drug Sale=560

New Jersey v. Pineiro=560

Can't You See What I'm Saying? Making Expressive Conduct a Crime in High-Crime Areas / Lenese C. Herbet=565

Crime Mapping and the Fourth Amendment : Redrawing "High-Crime Areas" / Andrew Guthrie Ferguson=566

2. Profiling and Pretextual Stops=571

Florida v. Johnson=571

The Impact of the War on Drugs on Procedural Fairness and Racial Equality / David Rudovsky=575

How Racial Profiling in America Became the Law of the Land : United States v. Brignoni-Ponce and Whren v. United States and the Need for Truly Rebellious Lawyering / Kevin R. Johnson=578

United States v. Lamour=580

3. Drug Dog Sniffs=585

Illinois v. Caballes=585

Those Doggone Sniffs Are Often Wrong : The Fourth Amendment Has Gone to the Dogs / Jeffrey S. Weiner ; Kimberly Homan=589

4. "No-Knock" Drug Raids=591

Overkill : The Rise of Paramilitary Police Raids in America / Radley Balko=592

5. Drug Testing=601

Testing Drugs versus Testing for Drug Use : Private Risk Management in the Shadow of Criminal Law / Robert J. MacCoun=601

National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab=606

C. Other Constitutional Issues=616

1. Is There a "Drug Exception" to the Constitution?=616

Drug Exceptionalism / Erik Luna=616

2. Drug Policy and the First Amendment=618

The Second Casualty of War : Civil Liberties and the War on Drugs / Paul Finkelman=618

Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao Do Vegetal=622

Part III

Chapter 6. The Controlled Substances Act=627

A. The Controlled Substances Act : Overview and Constitutionality=627

Making Sense of Drug Regulation : A Theory of Law for Drug Control Policy / Kimani Paul-Emile=629

The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws(NORML) v. Bell=637

B. Classifying Substances under the Controlled Substances Act=644

Grinspoon v. Drug Enforcement Administration=645

In the Matter of Marijuana Rescheduling Petition=657

Marijuana Scheduling Petition ; Denial of Petition=665

Alliance for Cannabis Therapeutics v. Drug Enforcement Administration=674

Monson v. Drug Enforcement Administration=678

C. Research of Controlled Substances=682

Medical Marijuana : The Conflict between Scientific Evidence and Political Ideology / Peter J. Cohen=683

Chapter 7. Controlled Substances as Medicines=687

A. The Relationship Between the Controlled Substances Act and the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act=687

American Pharmaceutical Association v. Weinberger=687

B. The Controlled Substances Act and Prescription Drugs=693

Challenges in the Federal Regulation of Pain Management Technologies / Lars Noah=694

1. Regulation and Prosecution of Physicians=702

United States v. Moore=702

Treating Pain v. Reducing Drug Diversion and Abuse : Recalibrating the Balance in Our Drug Control Laws and Policies / Diane E. Hoffmann=709

United States v. Hurwitz=715

Did You Forget to Say You're Sorry? Litigating a Show Cause Hearing for a Physician's DEA Registration / Douglas J. Behr=722

2. Regulation and Prosecution of Pharmacies=725

Searching for Safety : Addressing Search Engine, Website, and Provider Accountability for Illicit Online Drug Sales / Bryan A. Liang ; Tim Mackey=725

United States v. Quinones=728

3. Regulation and Prosecution of Manufacturers=734

"There's Danger Here, Cherie!" : Liability for the Promotion and Marketing of Drugs and Medical Devices for Off-Label Uses / Richard C. Ausness=735

Penick Corporation v. Drug Enforcement Administration=736

4. What Constitutes Legitimate Medical Use of a Prescription Drug?=739

Failure of Physicians to Prescribe Pharmacotherapies for Addiction : Regulatory Restrictions and Physician Resistance / Ellen M. Weber=740

C. State Medical Marijuana Laws=746

1. State Medical Marijuana Laws : An Overview=746

State-by-State Medical Marijuana Laws / Marijuana Policy Project=746

2. The Federal Response to State Medical Marijuana Laws=750

United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative=750

Beyond the Prohibition Debate : Thoughts on Federal Drug Laws in an Age of State Reforms / Alex Kreit=755

A Critical Appraisal of the Department of Justice's New Approach to Medical Marijuana / Robert A. Mikos=761

County of San Diego v. San Diego NORML=765

Chapter 8. The Regulation of Substances That Are Legal for Recreational Use=773

A. Alcohol=773

Federalism, Positive Law, and the Emergence of the American Administrative State : Prohibition in the Taft Court Era / Robert Post=773

The Prohibition Hangover : Why We Are Still Feeling the Effects of Prohibition / Marcia Yablon=777

Granholm v. Heald=780

B. Tobacco=787

Smoking Out the Impact of Tobacco-Related Decisions on Public Health Law / Micah L. Berman=787

Smoking Abroad and Smokeless at Home : Holding the Tobacco Industry Accountable in a New Era / Karen C. Sokol=789

C. Caffeine=792

The Consumable Vice : Caffeine, Public Health, and the Law / James G. Hodge, Jr. ; Megan Scanlon ; Alicia Corbett ; Andrew Sorensen=792

Part IV

Chapter 9. International and Comparative Drug Control=801

A. The International Market for Controlled Substances=801

Disciplining Globalization : International Law, Illegal Trade, and the Case of Narcotics / Chantal Thomas=801

World Drug Report, 2011 / United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime=804

A Report on Global Illicit Drugs Markets 1998-2007 : Assessing the Operation of the Global Drug Market, Report 1 / Peter H. Reuter=806

Note : Globalization of the U.S. Black Market : Prohibition, the War on Drugs, and the Case of Mexico / Seth Harp=813

Drug Violence in Mexico : Data and Analysis through 2010 / Viridiana Rios ; David A. Shirk=820

War on Drugs : Report of The Global Commission on Drug Policy=826

The Nexus between Drug Trafficking, Terrorism and Organized Crime / Michael Chertoff=830

Tracking Narco-Terrorist Networks : The Money Trail / Michael Jacobson ; Matthew Levitt=833

B. International Drug Treaties and Control Organizations=836

The International Control of Illegal Drugs and the U.N. Treaty Regime : Preventing or Causing Human Rights Violations? / Daniel Heilmann=836

How Well Do International Drug Conventions Protect Public Health? / Robin Room ; Peter Reuter=845

Explaining State Commitment to the International Criminal Court : Strong Enforcement Mechanisms as a Credible Threat / Yvonne M. Dutton=850

Just Say No : The Case against Expanding the International Criminal Court's Jurisdiction to Include Drug Trafficking / Heather L. Kiefer=851

C. U.S. Influence on International Drug Control=856

1. Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Drug Laws=856

a. Prosecution of Foreign Drug Producers and Distributors=857

United States v. Noriega=857

United States v. Manuel=864

United States v. Lopez-Vanegas=870

b. Prosecution of Drug Possession on the High Seas=875

Beyond the Article I Horizon : Congress's Enumerated Powers and Universal Jurisdiction Over Drug Crimes / Eugene Kontorovich=875

United States v. Saac=881

2. Extradition of Drug Offenders=884

Traffic Circles : The Legal Logic of Drug Extraditions / Edward M. Morgan=885

3. Extraterritorial Drug Investigation and Enforcement by U.S. Officials=889

United States v. Alvarez-Machain=889

United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez=899

Comment : War for Sale! Battlefield Contractors in Latin America & the 'Corporatization' of America's War on Drugs / Kristen McCallion=910

4. Crop Eradication Initiatives=912

Note : A New Approach to Extraterritorial Application of Environmental Statutes? : Uncovering the Effects of Plan Colombia / Joanne Sum-Ping=913

5. The U.S. Drug Certification Process=915

Fighting Bad Guys with International Trade Law / Raj Bhala=916

D. Controlled Substances Laws in Comparative Perspective=921

1. The Dutch Marijuana Coffee Shops=922

What Can We Learn from the Dutch Cannabis Coffeeshop System? / Robert J. MacCoun=922

2. Drug Treatment Courts and Portugal's Decriminalization Law=930

The Decriminalization Option : Should States Consider Moving from a Criminal to a Civil Drug Court Model? / Alex Kreit=930

Harm Reduction and the American Difference : Drug Treatment and Problem-Solving Courts in Comparative Perspective / James L. Nolan, Jr.=939

3. Heroin Maintenance Programs=943

Can Heroin Maintenance Help Baltimore? / Peter Reuter=943

4. Sweden's Vision of a Drug-Free Society=946

What Can We Learn from Sweden's Drug Policy Experience? / Christopher Hallam=946

Addendum : Marijuana Legalization in Washington and Colorado=957

Index=977