영문목차

Preface=xxi

1. Introduction=1

A. The Nature of Medical Practice=1

1. Patients, Doctors, and Hospitals=2

Health Care Past and Present=2

End-of-Life Warning at $618,616 Makes Me Wonder Was It Worth It=4

Doctors, Patients, and Health Insurance : The Organization and Financing of Medical Care=8

Competing Solutions : American Health Care Proposals and International Experience=10

Doctors, Patients, and Health Insurance : The Organization and Financing of Medical Care=13

Clinical Decision Making : From Theory to Practice=14

Notes : Doctors and Hospitals=14

2. Medicine, Illness, and Healing=15

Magic or Medicine? An Investigation of Healing and Healers=15

The Tyranny of Health=17

The Machine at the Bedside=18

Notes : The Social Construction of Disease=19

Making Medical Spending Decisions=20

Notes : The Phenomenology of Sickness and Healing=24

3. The Nature of Medical Judgment=26

Clinical Decision Making : From Theory to Practice=26

Complications : A Surgeon's Notes on an Imperfect Science=30

Notes : Medical Decisionmaking=35

Law and Medicine=36

Physicians Versus Lawyers : A Conflict of Cultures=36

Note : Law vs. Medicine : A Culture Clash=37

B. The Health Care Financing and Delivery System=37

1. The Crises in Access, Cost, and Quality=38

Health and Medical Care Reform in the United States : Ethical Questions and Concerns=38

Notes : The Crisis in American Medicine=44

2. History and Structure of Financing and Delivery Systems=46

The Market Structure of the Health Insurance Industry=46

Medicare and the American Health Care System : 1996 Report to Congress=52

Transcript of Interview with Jamie Robinson, Ph.D.=54

Notes : Managed Care vs. Consumer-Driven Care=55

3. Health Care Reform=57

Bad Medicine : A Guide to the Real Costs and Consequences of the New Health Care Law=57

The Health Bill Explained at Last=61

Notes : Health Care Reform―A Work in Progress=64

C. Moral, Economic, and Political Themes=66

1. Competing Paradigms=67

Allocating Health Care Morally=67

The Professional Paradigm of Medical Care : Obstacle to Decentralization=68

2. Ethics and Empiricism=69

The Practice of Autonomy : Patients, Doctors, and Medical Decisions=69

Medical Law and Ethics in the Post-Autonomy Age=72

Notes : Medical Ethics and Professionalism=77

3. Postmodern Critical Theory=79

Slavery, Segregation and Racism : Trusting the Health Care System Ain't Always Easy! An African American Perspective on Bioethics=79

The Colonization of the Womb=81

Notes : Feminist and Critical Race Theory=84

4. Distributive Justice=87

Uncompensated Hospital Care : Rights and Responsibilities=87

Note : Social Justice=90

Patient Power : Solving America's Health Care Crisis=90

Making Medical Spending Decisions : The Law, Ethics, and Economics of Rationing Mechanisms=91

Notes : Health Care Rationing ; Institutional Analysis=94

2. The Treatment Relationship=97

A. The Duty to Treat=97

1. The Duty to Accept Patients=97

Hurley v. Eddingfield=97

Wilmington General Hospital v. Manlove=98

Wideman v. Shallowford Community Hospital=100

Notes : The Differing Obligations of Physicians and Hospitals ; Hospitals as Quasi-Public Facilities=103

Notes : Moral and Constitutional Rights to Health Care=108

Burditt v. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services=110

Notes : The Federal Patient Dumping Statute=115

2. Wrongful Reasons to Reject Patients=121

United States v. University Hospital=122

Glanz v. Vernick=129

Walker v. Pierce=131

Notes : Discriminatory Denials of Care=132

3. Rationing and Discrimination=135

Alexander v. Choate=135

Will Clinton's Plan Be Fair?=138

Health Care Rationing and Disability Rights=139

Rationing Health Care in Britain and the United States=146

Notes : Rationing Insurance Benefits ; Disability Discrimination ; Cost-Effectiveness Studies=148

Problem : Allocation Choices in a Public Program=157

B. The Fiduciary Nature of the Treatment Relationship=158

C. Confidentiality of Medical Information=160

1. The Federal Duty to Maintain Medical Privacy : Federal Privacy Regulations (HIPAA)=160

In the Matter of Miguel M. v. Barron=163

Notes : HIPAA Privacy Protections=166

Notes : Beyond HIPAA―Constitutional, Common Law, and Statutory Duties to Maintain Confidentiality=171

2. The Duty to Breach Confidentiality=174

Notes : Statutory Disclosure Obligations=175

Bradshaw v. Daniel=177

Notes : Common Law Duty to Warn=181

Discussion Problems=185

D. Informed Consent=186

1. Goals, Aspirations, Policies=186

Patient-Centered Medicine : A Professional Evolution=187

Rethinking Informed Consent=187

Notes : The Theory and Practice of Informed Consent=189

2. The Competing Disclosure Standards=194

Canterbury v. Spence=194

Culbertson v. Mernitz=199

Notes : Competing Disclosure Standards=202

Notes : The Other Elements of a Nondisclosure Claim=205

3. Limiting Liability for Failure to Disclose=207

Rizzo v. Schiller=207

Notes : Limiting Liability for Failure to Disclose=209

Discussion Problem : Informed Refusals?=215

4. Fiduciary Obligations, Conflicts of Interest, and Novel Disclosure Obligations=215

Autonomy and Privacy : Protecting Patients from Their Physicians=216

Moore v. The Regents of the University of California=217

Howard v. University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey=223

Notes : Fiduciary Principles and the Disclosure of Provider-Associated Risks=227

Problem : Moore Liability?=234

E. Human Experimentation and Research=235

Why Informed Consent? Human Experimentation and the Ethics of Autonomy=237

Grimes v. Kennedy Krieger Institute, Inc.=239

Notes : Human Subjects Research=255

Postscript : Proposed Revisions to the "Common Rule"=264

Problem : Medical Research, Biobanks, and the Privacy Rule=266

Problem : DNA Research and Indigenous Communities=268

3. The Right and "Duty" to Die=269

A. Refusal of Life-Sustaining Treatment=269

1. The Competent Patient=270

In the Matter of Karen Quinlan=271

In re Conroy=274

Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health=277

Notes : The Individual Interest in Refusing Treatment=281

Notes : The State's Interest in Preserving Life=286

Notes : The State's Interest in Preventing Suicide=291

Notes : The Ethical Integrity of the Medical Profession=292

Notes : The Protection of Innocent Third Parties=295

2. The Patient Whose Competence Is Uncertain=296

Lane v. Candura=297

Department of Human Services v. Northern=298

Notes : Assessing Competence=298

3. The Incompetent Patient=303

In re Conroy=304

In re Jobes=308

Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health=313

Notes : Deciding for the Incompetent Patient=318

Notes : Advance Planning=332

Problems : Interpreting and Drafting Advance Directives=339

Notes : Young Children and Adolescents (Not Competent)=340

Notes : Severely Disabled Newborns=344

B. Physician Aid in Dying=348

Washington v. Glucksberg=348

Vacco v. Quill=354

Notes : Physician Aid in Dying=359

Problem : Is It Aid in Dying or Is It Withdrawal of Treatment?=376

C. Futility=377

In re Baby K=377

Causey v. St. Francis Medical Center=381

Notes : Medical Futility=383

Notes : Brain Death=388

4. Organ Transplantation : The Control, Use, and Allocation of Body Parts=395

Note : The Shortage of Organs for Transplantation=396

A. Organ Donation=397

1. Competent Organ Donors=397

2. Incompetent Organ "Donors"=399

Strunk v. Strunk=400

In re Pescinski=402

Notes : The Incompetent Organ Donor=405

Problem : Conceiving a Child to Make Tissue Available for Transplantation=406

3. Redefining Death=407

In re T.A.C.P.=408

Notes : Redefining Death=412

B. Ownership and Control of the Body=414

1. Mandates or Incentives for Organ Donation=414

State v. Powell=414

Brotherton v. Cleveland=418

McFall v. Shimp=421

Notes : Obligations to Give Up Organs and Tissues ; Autopsies=422

Problem : Obligatory Stem Cell Donation=428

Notes : Financial Incentives for Organ Donation=429

2. Ownership of Human Tissue=432

Moore v. The Regents of the University of California=432

Greenberg v. Miami Children's Hospital Research Institute, Inc.=437

Notes : Human Tissue in Research=440

C. Allocation of Organs=442

OPTN/UNOS Policy for Organ Distribution=444

Notes : Criteria for Rationing Organs=448

5. Reproductive Rights and Genetic Technologies=461

Note : Many Streams or One River : Reproductive Rights and Substantive Due Process=462

A. A Right to Procreate?=463

Buck v. Bell=463

Skinner v. Oklahoma=465

Notes : The Right to Procreate=468

Problem : Sterilization and Advances in Genetics=472

Problem : The Ashley Treatment=473

Problem : Chemical or Surgical Castration of Male Sex Offenders=474

B. A Right to Avoid Procreation?=475

1. Contraception=475

Griswold v. Connecticut=475

Notes : A Right to Avoid Procreation=478

Problem : Incompetent Persons and Long-Term Contraception=482

2. Abortion=482

Roe v. Wade=482

Notes : Roe v. Wade=485

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey=488

Gonzales v. Carhart=497

Notes : The Post-Casey Landscape and the Implications of Gonzales=505

Notes : Forty Years of Abortion Jurisprudence=507

Problem : Late-Trimester Abortions=515

C. State or Federal Recognition of Fetal Interests=516

1. Introduction=516

a. State Law and Fetal Personhood=517

b. Federal Recognition of Fetal Interests=519

2. Pregnant Women and Forced Medical Treatment=520

In re A.C.=521

Notes : Forced Medical Treatment=526

Problem : Pregnancy and Living Wills=530

Problem : Cesarean Deliveries=531

Problem : Access to Drugs Associated with Birth Defects=532

3. Pregnant Women and Drug Use=532

Whitner v. South Carolina=532

Ferguson v. City of Charleston=536

Notes : Maternal Substance Abuse=543

D. Using Reproductive Technologies to Create New Families=547

1. Parenting Possibilities=548

Assisted Reproductive Technology and the Family=548

Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance―United States, 2009=550

Notes : Parenting Possibilities=553

Problem : ART and the Constitution=556

Notes : Genetics and Reproduction=556

2. Gamete Donation=559

Notes : Gamete Donation=562

Problem : Ovary Transplantation=566

3. In Vitro Fertilization and Frozen Embryos=567

Problems : Ethical Aspects of IVF=569

J.B. v. M.B. & C.C.=570

Notes : Frozen Embryo Disputes=577

4. Traditional and Gestational Surrogacy=581

R.R. v. M.H.=581

Culliton v. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center=587

Notes : Traditional and Gestational Surrogacy=590

Problems : Determining Parentage=598

E. Ethical and Legal Implications of Advances in Genetics=600

1. Introduction=600

2. Human Stem Cell Research=601

Notes : Human Stem Cell Research=605

3. Human Reproductive Cloning=607

Notes : Human Reproductive Cloning=608

Problem : Human Cloning=609

4. Intellectual Property and the Ownership of Genetic Discoveries=610

Diamond v. Chakrabarty=610

Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.=614

Harvard College v. Canada (Commissioner of Patents)=622

Notes on Ownership=625

5. Intellectual Property, Human Genes, and Human Stem Cells=628

Problem : Patenting Human Genes=632

Problem : Patenting Chimeras=632

Problem : Synthetic Biology=633

Note : Concluding Thoughts=634

6. Public Health Law=635

A. Public Health Strategies=637

1. Medical and Legal Views of Public Health=637

History of CDC=637

Summary of Notifiable Diseases―United States, 2010=638

The Law and the Public's Health : A Study of Infectious Disease Law in the United States=640

Notes : Traditional Public Health Strategies=645

2. Risk Assessment and Regulatory Competence=648

American Dental Association v. Martin=648

Notes : Risk Assessment by Legislatures, Agencies, and Courts=652

Problem : State Law, Disaster-Planning, and Bioterrorism Preparedness=652

B. The Source and Limit of Authority to Protect Public Health=654

1. Constitutional Principles=654

Jacobson v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts=654

Notes : The State Police Power and Federalism=657

Problem : Bioterrorism and Smallpox Vaccination=662

Problem : HPV Vaccination=662

2. Disability Discrimination=663

School Board of Nassau County v. Arline=663

Notes : Balancing Risk Reduction with Other Values=665

C. Regulating Medical Treatment to Protect Public Health=668

1. Testing and Public Health=668

State v. Handy=669

Notes : Testing Programs=673

Problem : Routine HIV Screening for All=677

Problem : State Law, Disaster-Planning, and Bioterrorism Preparedness=678

2. Confidentiality, Reporting, and Contact Tracing=679

Whalen v. Roe=680

Notes : Informational Privacy=683

Middlebrooks v. State Board of Health=685

Notes : Reporting and Contact Tracing=687

Problem : Reporting and Treatment for HIV Infection=690

Problem : Reporting and Contact Tracing Under the MSEHPA=690

3. Isolation and Quarantine=693

Wong Wai v. Williamson=693

Notes : Isolation and Quarantine=695

4. Civil Commitment and Mandatory Treatment=698

Addington v. Texas=699

In the Interest of J.A.D.=701

Notes : Mandatory Mental Health Treatment=703

Problem : Civil Commitment and Drug Abuse=706

Problem : Sexually Violent Predators―Treatment or Punishment?=707

Notes : Mandatory Treatment for Contagious Diseases=708

Problem : Antiretroviral Therapy and the Risk of HIV Infection=711

Problem : Public Health Emergencies, Mandatory Treatment, and Quarantine=712

D. Restricting Consumer Choice to Protect Public Health=715

1. The FDA, Pharmaceutical Regulation, and the Constitution=715

Abigail Alliance for Better Access to Developmental Drugs v. von Eschenbach=715

Notes : The Scope and Constitutionality of Pharmaceutical Regulation=723

2. Federal-State Conflicts : State Regulation and Medicinal Marijuana=729

Problem : Drug Importation=731

3. Clashes in Values and Jurisdictional Boundaries : Public Health Regulation and the Crushing Obesity Epidemic=731

Pelman v. McDonald's Corporation=731

Nutritional Labeling in Restaurants=732

Notes : Public Health Law and Obesity=733

Problem : Helmets and the Law=737

E. Conclusion=737

Glossary of Organizational Terms and Acronyms=741

Table of Cases=745

Index=751