영문목차

PREFACE=V

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES=1

PART 1. STRUCTURE AND POWERS OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

Chapter 1. Introduction to the Constitution of the United States=19

[Assignment 1]=19

I. The Formation of the Constitution=19

A. The Adoption of the Constitution=19

English and American Constitutionalism=20

American Antecedents to the Constitution=21

The Convention and Ratification=25

The Federalist No. 1=27

The Federalist No. 40=28

The Federalist No. 43=30

Notes=31

[Assignment 2]=32

B. The Nature of the Constitution : Purposes, Features, and Themes=32

The Federalist No. 39=32

Six Broad Themes of the Constitution=35

A Map of the Constitution=39

[Assignment 3]=43

C. The Addition of the Bill of Rights=43

The Federalist No. 84=43

Herbert Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For=45

Did the Bill of Rights Bind the States?=47

Barron v. Baltimore=48

Notes=50

[Assignment 4]=53

II. Early Controversies Under the Constitution=53

A. The First Bank of the United States=53

Representative Madison, Speech on the Constitutionality of the Bank=55

Secretary of State Jefferson, Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank=60

Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton, Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank=63

The Bank of the United States, 1791 to 1832=66

James Madison, Letter to Lafayette=67

President Jackson, Veto Message=68

The Death of the Bank of the United States=70

Constitutional Interpretation in the Bank Controversy=71

[Assignment 5]=73

B. Slavery=73

The Quaker Anti-Slavery Petitions of 1790=75

The Petition of the Quakers of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Other States=76

The Petition of the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery=77

Slave Trade Debates=78

Slave Trade Debates : Report of the Special Committee=83

Slave Trade Debates : Report of the Committee of the Whole House=84

Notes=85

C. The Neutrality Controversy=86

President Washington, The Proclamation of Neutrality=88

Pacificus, No. 1=88

Helvidius, Nos. 1 & 2=91

The Neutrality Act of 1794=96

Notes=97

[Assignment 6]=97

D. The Alien and Sedition Act Controversies=97

The Alien Friends Act=98

The Alien Enemies Act=98

The Sedition Act=99

Notes=100

Judicial Enforcement of the Sedition Act=102

United States v. Lyon=102

Notes=105

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions and the Northern Responses=106

The Virginia Resolutions of 1798=107

The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798=108

The Response of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations=111

The Response of the State of New York=112

James Madison's Report on the Virginia Resolutions=113

Notes=116

The Election of 1800 : We the People Speak=118

Jefferson's Pardons and His Defense of Presidential Interpretation=119

Notes=120

Chapter 2. The Power of Constitutional Interpretation=123

[Assignment 7]=123

I. Constitutional Supremacy and Interpretation=123

A. Separation of Powers and Constitutional Supremacy=124

The Federalist No. 47=125

The Federalist No. 48=126

The Federalist No. 51=128

Notes=129

B. The Debate Over Judicial Power=129

Brutus, No. 11=129

The Federalist No. 78=133

The Federalist No. 81=138

Notes=139

[Assignment 8]=140

C. Articulating the Doctrine of Judicial Review=140

Marbury v. Madison=143

Notes=153

Stuart v. Laird=155

Alexis de Tocqueville on the American Judiciary=156

[Assignment 9]=159

II. The Constitutional Dilemma of Judicial Supremacy=159

A. Do the Supreme Court's Decisions Control the Constitutional Judgment of All Other Actors?=159

Thomas Jefferson, Letter to Abigail Adams=159

Thomas Jefferson, Letter to William Charles Jarvis=160

James Madison, Letter to Unknown Addressee=160

Abraham Lincoln, Speech at the Sixth Lincoln―Douglas Debate=161

President Lincoln, First Inaugural Address=161

Notes=162

B. Judicial Supremacy as to Specific Judgments?=163

A Case Study in Judicial Supremacy : Cooper v. Aaron=163

A Case Study in Judicial Supremacy : Ex parte Merryman=164

Ex parte Merryman=165

President Lincoln, Message to Congress=167

Attorney General Bates, Opinion on the Suspension of the Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus=168

Notes=170

Chapter 3. The Distribution and Separation of Powers of the National Government=173

[Assignment 10]=173

An Introduction to Separation of Powers=173

Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer=175

Notes=189

[Assignment 11]=190

I. Article I : The Legislative Power=190

A Map of Article I=190

A. Enumerated Powers and Federal Supremacy : "All legislative Powers herein Granted"=192

McCulloch v. Maryland=193

Notes=208

[Assignment 12]=210

B. Legislative Specificity and Delegation : "shall be vested in a Congress of the United States"=210

The Post Roads Debate=210

Mistretta v. United States=216

Notes=224

[Assignment 13]=225

C. The Composition of Congress : "The House of Representatives...and the Senate of the United States shall be composed..."=225

Powell v. McCormack=226

Notes=231

U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton=232

Notes=246

[Assignment 14]=247

D. Legislative Procedure and Prerogatives : "Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings"=247

Kilbourn v. Thompson=248

McGrain v. Daugherty=252

Notes=255

A Case Study in Congressional Procedure : The Filibuster=257

Notes=259

A Note on Article I, Section 6=259

[Assignment 15]=260

E. Bicameralism and Presentment : "Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall...be presented to the President"=260

INS v. Chadha=261

Notes=269

Clinton v. City of New York=272

Notes=280

A Note on Exclusive and Concurrent Powers in Article I, Section 8=281

[Assignment 16]=283

F. Quasi-Judicial Legislation : "No...Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts"=283

United States v. Brown=284

Notes=292

Ex Post Facto Laws=294

The Contracts Clause=295

[Assignment 17]=296

II. Article II : The Executive Power=296

A Map of Article II=296

A. The Nature of Executive Power=297

The Federalist No. 67=297

The Federalist No. 68=298

The Federalist No. 69=299

The Federalist No. 70=301

The Federalist No. 71=303

The Federalist No. 72=304

The Federalist No. 73=305

The Federalist No. 77=306

Notes=306

Inherent Executive Powers?=308

In re Neagle=308

Notes=315

[Assignment 18]=316

B. The Law-Executing Power : "he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed"=316

The Power to Direct Non-Prosecution=318

Attorney General Taney, Opinion on the Jewels of the Princess of Orange=319

United States v. Cox=321

Notes=330

The Take Care Clause=330

Attorney General Wirt, Opinion on the President and Accounting Officers=331

Notes=333

[Assignment 19]=334

C. The Appointment Power : "he...shall appoint"=334

The Federalist No. 76=335

Notes=337

Buckley v. Valeo=337

Notes=341

Morrison v. Olson=341

Notes=346

[Assignment 20]=348

D. The Power to Remove Executive-Branch Officers=348

Myers v. United States=351

Notes=366

Humphrey's Executor v. United States=366

Notes=369

Morrison v. Olson=370

Notes=381

[Assignment 21]=383

E. Executive Power and Foreign Affairs : "He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties"=383

United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corporation=385

Notes=388

Attorney General Jackson, Opinion on Acquisition of Naval and Air Bases in Exchange for Over-Age Destroyers=390

Dames & Moore v. Regan=392

Notes=397

Goldwater v. Carter=399

Goldwater v. Carter=407

Notes=409

A Note on International Law and the Status of Treaties as U.S. Law=410

[Assignment 22]=411

F. The War Power : "Congress shall have power...To Declare War" but "The President shall be Commander in Chief'=411

Madison's Notes, "To Make War"=413

The Prize Cases=416

President Lincoln, The Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation=422

President Lincoln, The Final Emancipation Proclamation=423

Notes=424

Declaring War=425

Declaration of War Against Japan=426

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution=426

Notes=426

The War Powers Resolution of 1973=428

President Nixon, Statement Vetoing the War Powers Resolution=430

Notes=432

Authorization for Use of Military Force=434

Notes=435

The War Powers Debate Continues : The Intervention in Libya and the Killing of Osama bin Laden=435

On Terminating War=438

[Assignment 23]=439

G. Prisoners of War and Civilian Detentions=439

Ex parte Milligan=440

Ex parte Quirin=444

Notes=454

Korematsu v. United States=454

Notes=466

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld=468

Notes=474

[Assignment 24]=475

H. Impeachment : "The President...shall be removed from Office on Impeachment...and Conviction"=475

Law Professors' Letter on the Clinton Impeachment=476

Michael Stokes Paulsen, Impeachment=478

Cass Sunstein, Impeachment? The Framers Wouldn't Buy It=482

Representative Canady, Statement on Impeachment of President Clinton=484

Notes=485

[Assignment 25]=486

III. Article III : The Judicial Power=486

A Map of Article III=486

A. The Nature and Role of the Federal Judiciary : Formative Interpretations=491

The Federalist No. 80=491

James Wilson on the Judicial Power=495

Hayburn's Case=496

Notes=500

The Correspondence of the Justices=501

Secretary of State Jefferson, Letter to the Justices of the Supreme Court=502

The Justices of the Supreme Court, Letter to President Washington=502

Notes=503

[Assignment 26]=504

B. Adjudication of Genuine Disputes : "The judicial Power shall extend to...Cases [and] Controversies"=504

Ex parte Levitt=507

Notes=507

Massachusetts v. Mellon ; Frothingham v. Mellon=508

Notes=512

Summers v. Earth Island Institute=513

Notes=519

[Assignment 27]=519

C. The Political Question Doctrine=519

Luther v. Borden=520

Notes=528

(Walter) Nixon v. United States=528

Notes=536

[Assignment 28]=537

D. Structure and Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts : "shall be vested in...with such Exceptions"=537

The Federalist No. 81=538

Notes=544

A Note on Congress's Authority over Federal Jurisdiction=544

Sheldon v. Sill=549

Background to Ex parte McCardle=550

Ex parte McCardle=551

Notes=554

[Assignment 29]=557

E. Sovereign Immunity and the Erie Problem : "The Judicial power...shall not...extend to"=557

The Eleventh Amendment and Sovereign Immunity=558

Chisholm v. Georgia=558

Notes=563

Hans v. Louisiana=566

Notes=569

Does Diversity Jurisdiction Confer Common Law―Making Power?=570

Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins=571

Notes=576

Chapter 4. Federalism=577

[Assignment 30]=577

A Map of the Constitution's Federalism Provisions=578

The Political Theory of American Federalism=581

The Federalist No. 10=581

Notes=586

I. National Powers in Article I, Section 8=588

A. Formative Decisions about the Commerce, Taxing, Spending, and Necessary and Proper Powers=588

Early Disputes Over National Power : Banks, Debts, Taxes, and Commerce=588

Gibbons v. Ogden=591

Notes=596

A Look Ahead : Enumerated Powers and Federalism in a New Context=597

[Assignment 31]=598

A History of the Commerce and Necessary and Proper Clauses in the Supreme Court=598

United States v. Darby=605

Wickard v. Filburn=607

Notes=611

[Assignment 32]=612

The Modern Debate=612

Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States=612

Notes=615

United States v. Lopez=617

Notes=631

[Assignment 33]=637

B. The Taxing Power, the Spending Power, and Tenth Amendment Limitations on National Power=637

The Taxing Power=638

The Spending Power=643

A Note on United States v. Butler=645

South Dakota v. Dole=648

Notes=655

New York v. United States=657

Notes=668

Printz v. United States=670

Notes=682

[Assignments 34-35]=683

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [The Health Care Cases]=683

Notes=711

[Assignment 36]=715

C. Other Major National Powers, Enumerated or Inherent=715

Paper Money=716

Knox v. Lee=716

Notes=722

Naturalization and Immigration=722

Fong Yue Ting v. United States=722

Notes=729

The Draft=729

President Lincoln, Unpublished Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Draft=730

Selective Draft Law Cases=731

Notes=735

The Treaty-Executing Power=736

Missouri v. Holland=736

Reid v. Covert=738

Notes=739

[Assignment 37]=741

II. Article IV Federalism : The Relationship of the States to Each Other and to the Nation as a Whole=741

A Map of Article IV of the U.S. Constitution=742

A. The Full Faith and Credit and Privileges and Immunities Clauses=745

Sommersett's Case=747

Lemmon v. The People=748

Notes=754

B. The Fugitive Slave and Fugitive Extradition Clauses=758

Prigg v. Pennsylvania=759

Notes=766

[Assignment 38]=768

C. The Territories Clause, the New States Admission Clause, and Citizenship=768

Dred Scott v. Sandford=771

Notes=794

[Assignment 39]=800

D. The Guarantee Clause : Secession and Reconstruction=800

President Lincoln, First Inaugural Address=800

Notes=806

Texas v. White=811

Notes=814

Chapter 5. The Constitutional Amendment Process=817

[Assignment 40]=817

I. A Perfect Problem=817

II. The Riddles of Article V=818

PART 2. RIGHTS AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT

Chapter 6. The Bill of Rights=827

[Assignment 41]=827

A Short History of the Bill of Rights=827

The English Bill of Rights of 1689=828

I. The First Amendment and Freedom of Speech=831

A Map of the First Amendment=832

A. Background and Drafting History=839

William Blackstone on the Liberty of the Press=842

Cato's Letter No. 15, "Of Freedom of Speech : That the same is inseparable from publick Liberty"=843

Cato's Letter No. 38, "The Right and Capacity of the People to Judge of Government"=844

Notes=845

Demands for First Amendment Protections=846

Madison's Initial Proposal for the Freedoms of Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition=847

Debate on Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition=847

House Draft Transmitted to the Senate=848

B. Early Controversies and Interpretation=849

The Democratic-Republican Clubs Controversy=849

President Washington, Letter to Burgess Ball=849

Debate on Self-Created Societies=850

[Assignment 42]=853

C. Freedom of the Press=853

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan=853

Notes=860

New York Times Co. v. United States [The Pentagon Papers Case]=861

Notes=873

Branzburg v. Hayes=874

Notes=879

[Assignment 43]=880

D. The Rise and Fall of Categorical Exceptions=880

Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire=880

Notes=883

Categorical Content-Based Exclusions from First Amendment Protection=885

Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association=887

Notes=898

[Assignment 44]=900

E. Content-Based and Content-Neutral Restrictions=900

United States v. O'Brien=900

Notes=906

Texas v. Johnson=907

Notes=916

Reasonable, Neutral Time, Place, and Manner Regulations=917

Renton v. Playtime Theaters=918

Notes=924

[Assignment 45]=924

F. Incitement, Subversive Advocacy, and Threats=924

A Historical Introduction to Incitement, Subversive Advocacy, and Speech Urging Violation of the Law=924

A Note on Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project=932

Brandenburg v. Ohio=935

Notes=937

A Note on Planned Parenthood of the Columbia/Willamette, Inc. v. American Coalition of Life Activists=938

R.A.V. v. St. Paul=940

Notes=943

Nazis in Skokie=946

[Assignment 46]=948

G. Offensive and Degrading Speech=948

Cohen v. California=948

Notes=953

Hustler Magazine v. Falwell=954

Notes=958

American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut=960

Notes=965

[Assignment 47]=966

H. Commercial Speech=966

Valentine v. Chrestensen=966

Notes=968

Alex Kozinski & Stuart Banner, "The Anti-History and Pre-History of Commercial Speech"=968

Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council=971

Notes=978

A Note on the Central Hudson Test=979

44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island=980

Notes=987

A Note on Cincinnati v. Discovery Network=988

[Assignment 48]=989

I. Campaign Finance=989

Buckley v. Valeo=989

Notes=995

Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC=996

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission=999

Notes=1018

A Note on Campaign Finance Cases in the 2011 Term=1020

[Assignment 49]=1021

J. Public Forum Doctrine=1021

Commonwealth v. Davis=1021

Hague v. CIO=1022

Notes=1024

Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators Association=1024

Notes=1031

Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of University of Virginia=1031

Notes=1039

[Assignment 50]=1039

K. Protests and Demonstrations=1039

Thomas v. Chicago Park District=1039

Notes=1043

Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence=1044

Notes=1051

NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.=1052

Notes=1057

A Note on Abortion Clinic Protests=1057

[Assignment 51]=1064

L. Compelled Speech=1064

West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette=1064

Notes=1070

Wooley v. Maynard=1071

Notes=1074

The Right of Groups to Control Their Own Expressive Messages=1075

Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group of Boston=1075

Notes=1080

Abood v. Detroit Board of Education=1080

[Assignment 52]=1083

M. Collective Expression : Groups and the Freedom of "Expressive Association"=1083

Democratic Party of United States v. Wisconsin=1084

Notes=1086

Roberts v. United States Jaycees=1086

Boy Scouts of America v. Dale=1092

Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights (FAIR)=1097

Notes=1102

A Note on Christian Legal Society v. Martinez=1102

[Assignment 53]=1103

II. The First Amendment and Freedom of Religion=1103

A. Background and Drafting History=1103

James Madison, Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments=1104

Notes=1106

Madison's Initial Proposal for the Religion Clauses=1106

Debate on Establishment of Religion and Rights of Conscience=1106

House Draft Transmitted to the Senate=1109

Senate Motions=1109

Notes=1109

B. The Free Exercise Clause=1110

Stansbury v. Marks=1111

Notes=1111

Wisconsin v. Yoder=1113

Employment Division v. Smith=1116

Notes=1124

A Note on Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye=1128

Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. EEOC=1129

Notes=1133

[Assignment 54]=1133

C. The Establishment Clause=1133

American Jewish Congress v. City of Chicago=1133

Notes=1144

Engel v. Vitale=1147

D. Accommodation of Religion : The Intersection of Free Exercise and Non-Establishment=1150

Corporation of Presiding Bishop of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. Amos=1150

Notes=1156

Cutter v. Wilkinson=1158

Notes=1160

[Assignment 55]=1161

Financial Aid to Religious Activities=1161

Everson v. Board of Education=1161

Notes=1167

Lemon v. Kurtzman=1168

Notes=1173

Cases After Lemon=1174

Zelman v. Simmons-Harris=1176

Notes=1185

Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of University of Virginia=1186

[Assignment 56]=1192

III. The Second and Third Amendments=1192

The Federalist No. 28=1194

The Federalist No. 46=1194

District of Columbia v. Heller=1195

Notes=1209

[Assignment 57]=1212

IV. The Constitution and Criminal Proceedings : The Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments=1212

A. The Fourth Amendment=1212

Kyllo v. United States=1213

Notes=1219

B. The Fifth Amendment=1221

Miranda v. Arizona=1221

Notes=1229

A Note on Miranda and the Fruit of the Poisonous Tree=1232

Taking the Fifth (Apart) : The Rest of the Amendment=1236

C. The Sixth Amendment=1237

A Note on Other Sixth Amendment Rights=1239

A Note on the Seventh Amendment Right to Trial by Jury=1239

D. The Eighth Amendment=1241

[Assignment 58]=1242

V. The Takings Clause=1242

What Is a Taking of "Property" for a Public Use?=1242

Nollan v. California Coastal Commission=1244

What Is a "Taking" of Property for Public Use?=1246

Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon=1246

Notes=1248

What Is a Taking of Private Property for a "Public Use"?=1250

Kelo v. New London=1250

Notes=1257

VI. The Ninth and Tenth Amendments=1258

The Ninth Amendment=1258

The Tenth Amendment=1261

A Note on the Eleventh and Twelfth Amendments=1262

Chapter 7. The Reconstruction Amendments=1265

[Assignment 59]=1265

I. Text, Structure, History, Early Interpretation, and Enforcement=1265

A. The Thirteenth Amendment=1266

B. The Fourteenth Amendment=1267

C. Formative Judicial Interpretation and the Death of the Privileges or Immunities Clause=1271

Slaughter-House Cases=1271

Notes=1288

[Assignment 60]=1292

D. The Original Meaning and Early Interpretation of "Equal Protection of the Laws"=1292

Bradwell v. Illinois=1292

Minor v. Happersett=1295

Notes=1298

Strauder v. West Virginia=1301

Notes=1305

[Assignment 61]=1306

E. Congress's Power to Enforce the Reconstruction Amendments=1306

The Civil Rights Cases=1307

Notes=1318

United States v. Morrison=1322

Notes=1326

City of Boerne v. Flores=1327

Notes=1335

[Assignment 62]=1337

II. The Equal Protection Clause=1337

A. The Segregation Cases=1337

Railroad Company v. Brown=1337

Plessy v. Ferguson=1339

Notes=1345

Cumming v. Board of Education=1346

Notes=1349

Giles v. Harris=1349

Notes=1351

Berea College v. Kentucky=1352

Notes=1357

[Assignment 63]=1359

B. The Desegregation Cases=1359

Brown v. Board of Education (Brown I)=1360

Bolling v. Sharpe=1363

Brown v. Board of Education (Brown II)=1364

Notes=1365

Browder v. Gayle=1371

Notes=1373

Loving v. Virginia=1373

Notes=1377

[Assignment 64]=1379

C. Discriminatory Intent Versus Disparate Impact=1379

Washington v. Davis=1379

Notes=1383

D. Affirmative Action=1386

An Introductory Hypothetical (Taxman v. Piscataway)=1386

A Note on the Modern History of Affirmative Action=1387

Racial Preferences in State University Admissions=1388

Grutter v. Bollinger=1389

Notes=1401

A Note on Affirmative Action Outside of Education=1405

[Assignment 65]=1407

E. Sex Discrimination=1407

Craig v. Boren=1407

Notes=1414

United States v. Virginia=1416

Notes=1423

[Assignment 66]=1425

F. Race, Sex, and...What Else? Other Classifications Under the Equal Protection Clause=1425

The General Rule of "Rational Basis"=1426

The "Heightened Scrutiny" Exceptions=1427

Buck v. Bell=1428

Notes=1430

Romer v. Evans=1432

Notes=1440

A Note on the "Fundamental Interests" Strand of Equal Protection Doctrine=1441

Final Thoughts on Equal Protection=1442

[Assignment 67]=1443

III. Due Process of Law=1443

A. Due Process and Separation of Powers=1444

St. George Tucker, View of the Constitution of the United States=1446

Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution=1446

Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co.=1447

Calder v. Bull=1449

Notes=1455

Matthews v. Eldridge=1456

Notes=1462

[Assignment 68]=1463

B. The Rise and Fall of Substantive Due Process=1463

Lochner v. New York=1465

Notes=1471

A Note on West Coast Hotel and the Interring of Lochner=1473

Pierce v. Society of Sisters=1476

Notes=1478

[Assignment 69]=1478

C. Substantive Due Process Revived=1478

Griswold v. Connecticut=1478

Notes=1492

Eisenstadt v. Baird=1494

Notes=1500

[Assignment 70]=1500

D. Abortion=1500

Roe v. Wade=1500

Notes=1510

[Assignment 71]=1516

Planned Parenthood v. Casey=1516

Notes=1540

[Assignment 72]=1544

E. Substantive Due Process and Constitutional Interpretation=1544

Washington v. Glucksberg=1544

Notes=1551

Bowers v. Hardwick=1552

Lawrence v. Texas=1557

Notes=1571

Looking Back at Substantive Due Process=1572

Chapter 8. Representation, Voting, and Republicanism=1573

[Assignment 73]=1573

I. Republicanism and Electoral Structures=1573

A. Who Can Vote?=1574

Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections=1577

Notes=1580

B. One Person, One Vote=1582

Baker v. Carr=1583

Notes=1587

Reynolds v. Sims=1588

Notes=1589

[Assignment 74]=1592

C. Gerrymandering=1592

Shaw v. Reno=1593

Vieth v. Jubelirer=1598

Notes=1609

A Note on Incumbency-Protection Gerrymanders=1611

[Assignment 75]=1611

II. Case Study : The Presidential Election Process=1611

Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board=1613

Bush v. Gore=1616

Notes=1630

APPENDIX―THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION=1633

TABLE OF CASES=1639

INDEX=1649