영문목차

PREFACE=V

TABLE OF CASES=XXVII

PART 1. THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM LEGAL CONCEPTS OF CRIMINALITY

Chapter 1. Overview of Criminal Procedure=3

A. Procedure Between Arrest and Trial=3

1. Pre-Arrest Investigations=3

2. Arrest=4

3. Booking Process=4

4. First Appearance Before a Judicial Officer―Bail=4

5. Preliminary Hearing=4

6. Grand Jury Indictment=5

7. Arraignment and Plea=5

8. Pre-Trial Motions=5

B. The Trial=6

1. The Right to a Speedy Trial=7

2. Defendant's Right to the Assistance of an Attorney=7

3. The Right to a Jury Trial=7

4. Jury Selection=7

5. Opening Statements=8

6. The Prosecution's Evidence=8

7. The Defendant's Evidence=8

8. Closing Arguments=9

9. Instructions of the Court to the Jury=9

10. The Verdict of the Jury=9

11. The Motion for a New Trial=9

12. Sentencing=10

C. Post-Trial Proceedings=10

1. Probation=10

2. Parole=11

3. The Appeal=11

4. Collateral Attack and Habeas Corpus=11

D. Criminal Justice Professionals=12

1. Law Enforcement Agencies=12

2. Prosecutorial Agencies=12

3. The Defense Function=12

4. The Courts=13

5. The Coroner and the Medical Examiner=13

6. Magistrates=13

7. Court Clerks=14

8. Probation Officers=14

9. Paralegals=14

Note=14

Chapter 2. Essential Concepts of Criminality=15

A. The Prohibited Conduct―"Actus Reus"=15

1. Voluntary Act=15

State v. Hinkle=15

Notes and Questions=20

2. The Act of Possession=21

State v. Fox=21

Notes and Questions=25

3. Inaction=26

State v. Miranda=26

Notes and Questions=32

B. Mental State―"Mens Rea"=34

1. Specific and General Intent=34

State v. Trinkle=34

State v. Rocker=37

Notes=40

2. Model Penal Code Approach=42

3. Transferred Intent=43

Sagner v. State=43

Notes and Questions=45

4. Recklessness and Criminal Negligence=47

Santillanes v. State=47

Notes and Questions=51

5. Strict Liability and Lack of Criminal Intent as a Defense=51

State v. Loge=51

Notes and Questions=57

State v. Guminga=57

Notes and Questions=61

Morissette v. United States=62

Notes and Questions=69

6. Mistake and Ignorance=70

People v. Hernandez=70

Notes=74

United States of America v. United States District Court for the Central District of California (Kantor)=75

Notes=80

People v. Urziceanu=81

Notes and Questions=85

Ratzlaf v. United States=87

Notes and Questions=91

C. The Causal Connection=94

People v. Dlugash=94

United States v. Hatfield=100

Notes and Questions=103

People v. Rideout=103

Notes and Questions=107

State v. Grose=107

Notes and Questions=109

Velazquez v. State=110

Notes and Questions=114

D. Burden of Proof=117

1. From the Common Law to the Constitution=117

In re Winship=117

Notes and Questions=119

2. Presumptions and Shifting the Burden of Proof=121

Patterson v. New York=121

Notes and Questions=129

Dixon v. United States=129

Notes and Questions=132

Ring v. Arizona=132

Notes=136

Sandstrom v. Montana=137

Notes and Questions=142

County Court of Ulster County v. Allen=143

Notes and Questions=151

Chapter 3. The Power to Create Crimes and Its Limitations=153

A. Sources of the Criminal Law=154

1. The Common Law=154

Shaw v. Director of Public Prosecutions=154

Notes=161

2. Statutes and Judicial Construction=161

Caminetti v. U.S. ; Diggs v. U.S. ; Hays v. U.S.=162

Notes and Questions=168

3. Administrative Regulations=174

Hobbs v. Jones=174

United States v. Mitchell=179

Notes=182

4. The Federal-State Dichotomy=183

(A) The Constitution and Federal "Common Law"=183

The United States v. Hudson and Goodwin=184

(B) Direct Federal Interest Offenses=186

Sonzinsky v. United States=186

Note=187

United States v. Sharpnack=188

(C) The "Necessary and Proper" Offenses=188

United States v. States=189

Note=193

(D) The Commerce Clause Offenses=193

Gonzales v. Raich=193

Notes=205

(E) Civil Rights Offenses=207

(F) Federal Prosecutorial Discretion and State Law Enforcement=208

United States v. Jones=209

B. Problems in Defining Criminal Conduct=214

1. Suicide and Assisted Suicide=214

Washington v. Glucksberg=214

Notes=221

2. Defining "Dangerous" and "Deadly"=222

Commonwealth v. Davis=222

United States v. Moore=225

Note=229

Chapter 4. Constitutional Limitations on Defining Criminal Conduct=231

A. Due Process, Vagueness, Overbreadth and the First Amendment=231

Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville=231

City of Chicago v. Morales=236

Gooding, Warden v. Wilson=244

R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, Minnesota=247

Notes and Questions=252

Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union=253

Notes and Questions=259

B. The Right to Privacy and to Equal Protection=260

1. Origin of the Right of Privacy=260

Griswold v. Connecticut=260

Notes and Questions=267

2. Abortion as a Privacy Right=269

Roe v. Wade=269

Notes and Questions=280

3. Consensual Sodomy=283

Lawrence v. Texas=284

Notes=294

C. The Prohibition Against Cruel and Unusual Punishment=296

1. Punishment for Narcotic Addiction and Alcoholism=296

Robinson v. California=296

Note=304

2. The Death Penalty=304

Gregg v. Georgia=304

Notes=316

McCleskey v. Kemp=321

Notes and Questions=329

Atkins v. Virginia=330

Roper v. Simmons=343

Notes=356

3. Disproportionality of Sentences=357

Rummel v. Estelle, Corrections Director=357

Notes and Questions=367

D. Exclusion of Evidence From Criminal Trials=369

Mapp v. Ohio=369

Notes and Questions=373

PART 2. CRIMES

Chapter 5. Homicides=377

A. Murder=377

1. When Does Death Occur?=377

(A) Proving Death―The "Corpus Delicti"=378

State v. Grissom=378

Notes=381

2. When Does Life Begin?=384

Keeler v. Superior Court=384

Notes=393

3. The Malice Factor=395

Commonwealth v. Webster=395

Notes : "Malice Aforethought"=401

State v. Guthrie=403

Midgett v. State=410

Notes=417

Langford v. State=419

Notes=422

4. Euthanasia―"Mercy Killings"=423

Notes=424

People v. Kevorkian=425

5. Felony Murder=434

Commonwealth v. Almeida=434

Notes=436

Commonwealth ex rel. Smith v. Myers=437

Notes=444

Muhammad v. Commonwealth=446

Notes=456

People v. Salas=457

Notes=463

Note : The Lindbergh-Hauptmann Case=464

Note=465

Note : Elimination of the Felony-Murder Rule=465

B. Voluntary Manslaughter=466

Director of Public Prosecutions Appellant v. Camplin=467

Note=471

Note : What Constitutes Provocation=471

Note : Cooling of Blood=473

C. Justifiable Use of Deadly Force=474

1. Self Defense=474

People v. Goetz=474

Notes=479

Note : The "Retreat Rule" or "Castle Doctrine"=480

Note : The "Imperfect" Self-Defense=481

Commonwealth v. Cary=482

Notes=491

2. Defense of Others=493

State v. Beeley=493

Notes=496

3. Defense of Habitation=497

People v. McNeese=497

Notes=502

4. Defense of Property Other Than a Dwelling=503

5. Prevention of Felony and Apprehension of Dangerous Felons=503

6. Deadly Force by Police Officers=504

Tennessee v. Garner=504

Notes=511

7. Forcibly Resisting Arrest=513

Commonwealth v. Hill=513

D. Involuntary Manslaughter=516

State v. Horton=516

Note=518

People v. Marshall=518

Commonwealth v. Feinberg=520

Notes=522

Chapter 6. "Sex" Offenses and Related Problems=525

A. Rape (Criminal Sexual Assault)=525

1. The Prevalence of the Problem=525

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey 2010 Summary Report (2011)=525

Notes=528

2. The Actus Reus of Rape and Sexual Assault : The Issues of Force and Consent=528

(A) Unconscious or Impaired Victims=529

Commonwealth v. Urban=529

Notes=532

(B) Developmentally Disabled Victims=532

People v. Thompson=532

Notes : Impaired or Developmentally Disabled Victims=537

(C) Fraud in the Inducement and Fraud in the Factum=538

Boro v. Superior Court=538

Notes : Fraud and Rape=541

(D) "Statutory" Rape=543

Garnett v. State=544

Notes on Statutory Rape=547

(E) Acquaintance Rape : Does Acquiescence Equal Consent?=549

State v. Rusk=549

Notes=560

Commonwealth v. Berkowitz=562

Notes=570

State of New Jersey In the Interest of M.T.S.=571

Notes=578

(F) Withdrawn Consent=580

State v. Bunyard=580

Notes on Withdrawal of Consent=583

2. "Unlawful" Carnal Knowledge : The Spousal Exception=584

People v. Liberta=585

Notes on Marital Rape=588

B. Special Issues of Proof in Rape Cases=589

1. "Rape Shield" Statutes=589

State v. Johnson=589

Notes=595

State v. Colbath=596

Notes=599

2. Charging Issues=602

State v. Rummer=602

Notes : Multiple Charges in Sex Assault Cases=614

Chapter 7. Misappropriation and Related Property Offenses=617

A. The Pigeon Hole Problem at Common Law=617

Weldon v. State=617

Notes=618

B. Larceny=619

1. Elements of Larceny=620

(A) Mens Rea : Intent to Deprive=621

Hugo v. City of Fairbanks=621

United States v. Donato-Morales=627

Notes on Intent to Deprive=632

Problems : Intent to Deprive=634

(B) Actus Reus : Taking and Carrying Away=634

State v. Donaldson=635

Lee v. State=638

Problems : "Taking and Carrying Away"=642

(C) Property of Another=643

(1) What is "Property" for Purposes of Larceny and Theft?=643

Notes : Property Capable of Being Stolen=645

(2) What is Property "of another?"=647

In re the Personal Restraint of John Tortorelli=647

Note on Taking of Abandoned, Lost Found Goods=654

(D) Grades of Larceny=655

DiMaio v. Commonwealth=656

Notes : Valuation=658

C. Larceny by Trick=660

The King v. Pear=660

Notes=661

State v. Bugely=662

Notes=664

D. False Pretenses=665

Baker v. Commonwealth=665

Note=666

Davies v. Commonwealth=666

Notes=668

People v. DeWald=669

Notes=671

E. Embezzlement=673

The King v. Bazeley=673

Notes=677

State v. Lough=678

F. Receiving and Transporting Stolen Property and Related Offenses=683

People v. Rife=683

Notes=685

State v. Chester=686

Notes=687

G. Consolidation of Theft Offenses=689

Notes=694

H. Extortion=695

State v. Harrington=695

I. Robbery=700

1. Elements of Robbery=700

(A) The Mens Rea of Robbery=701

Thomas v. State=701

Notes on Claim of Right in Robbery Cases=704

(B) Force, Fear and Intimidation Issues=705

Commonwealth v. Cruz=705

Notes on Robbery=707

2. Armed Robbery=708

Notes on Armed Robbery=708

J. Burglary : Common Law and Modern Statutes=709

1. The Elements of Common Law Burglary=709

2. Interpreting the Common Law and Modern Statutory Elements of Burglary=710

(A) "Breaking and Entering"=710

(B) The Dwelling House of Another=711

State v. Wentz=713

Note=717

(C) Nighttime=718

(D) With Intent to Commit a Felony=719

Massey v. United States=719

Notes=723

K. Arson=724

State v. Rogers=724

Chapter 8. Uncompleted Criminal Conduct and Criminal Combinations=731

A. Attempt=731

1. Punishing Attempts=731

Notes : Punishing Attempts=732

2. Mens Rea Issues in Attempt=734

Harrison v. State=734

Notes : Mens Rea in Criminal Attempts=746

State v. Hemmer=748

Notes : What May Be Attempted?=752

3. The Actus Reus of Attempt=753

People v. Rizzo=754

Notes : The Difficulty of Defining Attempt=756

United States v. Joyce=756

United States v. Yossunthorn=761

Notes=764

Kolmeier v. State=765

Notes : Equipment and Criminal Attempts=767

4. Impossibility of Completion=770

Hix v. Commonwealth=771

Notes : Impossible Attempts=776

5. Renunciation or Abandonment of Attempts=778

Gravens v. State=778

Notes=781

Problem : Renunciation or Abandonment of Criminal Attempts=783

B. Accessoryship : Aiding and Abetting=783

1. Evolution of Accessoryship=783

2. What Mens Rea Is Required of an Accessory?=784

Oates v. State=785

Notes=788

People v. Medina=791

Notes=797

3. The Actus Reus of Accessoryship=797

United States v. Ortiz=797

State ex rel. M.B.=801

Notes=804

4. Limitations on Accessoryship=805

Miller v. Skumanick=805

Notes=808

5. Hindering Prosecution : Accessories After the Fact and Related Offenses=809

(A) Accessory After the Fact=809

People v. Zierlion=810

(B) Misprision of Felony=811

(C) Compounding a Crime=812

(D) Hindering Prosecution=812

Notes : Post-Crime Assistance=813

C. Solicitation=814

State v. Disanto=814

D. Conspiracy=825

Krulewitch v. United States=826

1. The Agreement=828

(A) Multiple Agreements=829

Braverman v. United States=829

Notes=831

(B) Unilateral and Bilateral Conspiracies=832

State of Connecticut v. Jose Colón=832

Notes=840

(C) Wharton's Rule and Necessary Parties=841

People v. Lee=841

Notes=849

(D) "Wheel and Spoke" and "Chain" Conspiracies=851

State v. Samuel Maduro=851

Notes=855

2. Scope of Co-Conspirator Liability=856

United States v. Falcone=856

Notes=859

Pinkerton v. United States=862

Notes : Conspirator Liability=864

PART 3. SPECIAL DEFENSES TO CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS

Chapter 9. Entrapment=871

A. The Development of an American Legal Defense to Crime=871

United States v. Russell=872

Hampton v. United States=882

Jacobson v. United States=885

Notes and Questions=894

B. Limitations on Use of the Defense=898

Mathews v. United States=898

Notes=903

C. Due Process Violations or Entrapment as a Matter of Law=904

1. Entrapment as a Matter of Law=905

United States v. Knox=905

State v. Blanco=910

2. Sentencing Entrapment, Sentencing Manipulation, and the Due Process Defense=916

People v. Smith et al.=916

Notes and Questions=923

3. Perjury Entrapment=926

U.S. v. Sarihifard=926

Note=928

Chapter 10. Compulsion, Intoxication, Automatism and Other Non-Controllable Factors=929

A. Compulsion=929

1. Duress=929

State v. St. Clair=929

Notes and Questions=931

2. Necessity=933

Notes=934

United States v. Bailey=935

Notes=946

United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative and Jeffrey Jones=947

Notes and Questions=953

B. Intoxication=954

1. Voluntary Intoxication=954

People v. Langworthy=954

Notes and Questions=961

2. Involuntary Intoxication=963

State v. Hall=963

Notes and Questions=968

3. Addiction=968

Powell v. Texas=968

Notes and Questions=978

C. Automatism=979

Fulcher v. State=979

Notes=984

D. Syndrome Defenses=985

State v. Stewart=986

Notes and Questions=992

State v. Grecinger=993

Chapter 11. Insanity at Time of the Prohibited Act and Competency to Stand Trial=1001

A. Distinguishing Competency from Insanity=1001

B. The M'Naghten (Right/Wrong) Test=1002

Daniel M'Naghten's Case=1002

Notes=1004

People v. Serravo=1007

C. The Irresistible Impulse Test=1020

Parsons v. State=1020

Notes=1024

D. The "Product" Test=1025

Durham v. United States=1025

Notes=1029

E. The American Law Institute (A.L.I.) Model Penal Code Test, and its Recent Modifications=1029

Notes : A.L.I.-MPC Definition of Insanity=1031

F. The Federal Test=1032

G. Diminished Responsibility=1033

Fisher v. United States=1033

Notes on Diminished Responsibility=1038

H. Attempts to Abolish or Limit the Insanity Defense=1039

State v. Korell=1040

Notes on Attempts to Abolish or Limit the Insanity Defense=1050

I. The Weight of Psychiatric Testimony=1052

People v. Wolff=1052

Notes=1058

McCulloch v. Commonwealth=1059

Notes=1062

J. Special Problems with Detention of Insanity Acquittees=1063

K. Special Issues of Proof in Insanity Defense Cases=1064

Notes : Issues of Proof in Insanity Defense Cases=1064

PART 4. OFFENSES AGAINST SOVEREIGNTY

Chapter 12. Offenses Against Government Authority=1069

A. Introduction : Historical Overview of Crimes Against Government=1069

Korematsu v. United States=1072

Notes and Questions=1076

B. Investigation=1076

1. Surveillance=1076

2. Extraordinary Rendition=1077

3. Classified Information=1078

4. The USA Patriot Act=1079

The Blueing of America : The Bridge Between the War on Drugs and the War on Terrorism=1079

C. The Use of Traditional Offenses to Combat Threats to the State=1086

1. Refusal to Testify Before Congress=1086

Russell v. United States=1086

Notes and Questions=1089

2. Trespass, Disorderly Conduct, Threatening the President, and Desecrating the American Flag=1090

People v. Harrison=1090

Notes and Questions=1094

Hess v. Indiana=1095

Notes and Questions=1097

3. Conspiracy and Related Offenses=1100

United States v. Salameh, et al.=1100

Notes and Questions=1104

4. Extraterritoriality=1109

D. Crimes Designed to Protect the State=1109

1. The Espionage Act=1109

Debs v. United States=1109

Notes and Questions=1111

2. Syndicalism=1111

Gitlow v. New York=1111

Notes and Questions=1115

3. Statutes Aimed at Communism=1116

Scales v. United States=1116

Dennis v. United States=1118

Notes and Questions=1122

4. Seditious Conspiracy in Violation of 18 U.S.C. §2384=1124

United States v. Rahman, et al.=1124

5. Material Support of Terrorism―18 U.S.C. §§2339, 2339A, 2339B=1130

Humanitarian Law Project v. Reno=1130

Notes and Questions=1134

United States v. Afshari=1135

Notes and Questions=1137

6. Executive Power to Detain Suspected Terrorists=1139

Hamdan v. Rumsfeld=1140

Notes and Questions=1153

Boumediene v. Bush=1155

Notes and Questions=1164

E. Non-Constitutional Defenses=1165

United States v. Lopez-Lima=1165

United States v. Alvarez-Machain=1168

APPENDIX―RELEVANT PROVISIONS OF THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND ITS AMENDMENTS=1175

INDEX=1179