영문목차

Table of Cases=xxi

Table of Books and Articles=xlv

Fifth Edition Preface and Acknowledgments=xlix

First Edition Preface=li

Chapter 1. An Overview of Modern Tort Liability : Intentional Injury, Failure to Exercise Care, and Strict Liability=3

A. Intentionally Inflicted Injury=11

Vosburg v. Putney=11

Garratt v. Dailey=12

B. Actions Based on Lack of Care=15

Doe v. Roe=15

Cohen v. Petty=20

C. Strict Liability Conduct=24

Harris v. Anderson County Sheriff's Office=24

D. An Introduction to Insurance=33

1. Liability Insurance=33

Crisci v. Security Insurance Co. of New Haven=35

2. First-Party Insurance=40

Chapter 2. Basic Intentional Torts=43

A. The Concept of Intent=43

1. Intent to Injure=43

Lambertson v. United States=43

2. Intent and Mistake=46

Ranson v. Kitner=46

3. Intent and Insanity=47

McGuire v. Almy=47

4. Transferred Intent=51

Keel v. Hainline=51

Brudney v. Ematrudo=57

B. Battery and Assault=58

Noble v. Louisville Transfer Co.=59

Picard v. Barry Pontiac-Buick, Inc.=63

Moore v. El Paso Chamber of Commerce=64

Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Hill=66

C. Intentional or Reckless Infliction of Severe Emotional Distress=72

1. In General=72

Harris v. Jones=75

2. Abusive Language=84

Slocum v. Food Fair Stores of Florida, Inc.=84

3. Domestic Violence and Harassment=86

Feltmeier v. Feltmeier=86

4. Bystanders and Third Persons=96

D. False Imprisonment=101

1. Unconsented Intentional Confinement within Boundaries=102

Bird v. Jones=102

2. Unlawful Force, Threat of Force, or Assertion of Legal Authority=105

Morales v. Lee=105

Enright v. Groves=108

Johnson v. Barnes & Noble Booksellers, Inc.=110

3. Defenses=113

Peterson v. Sorlien=113

E. Trespass to Land=118

F. Trespass to Chattels and Conversion=119

CompuServe, Inc. v. Cyber Promotions, Inc.=120

Henson v. Reddin=123

Russell-Vaughn Ford, Inc. v. Rouse=127

Kremen v. Cohen=131

Chapter 3. Defenses and Privileges=137

A. Consent=137

1. Consent in Fact=138

Davies v. Butler=138

2. Apparent Consent=140

O'Brien v. Cunard S.S. Co.=140

3. Implied Consent=141

Miller v. HCA, Inc.=142

4. Consent Given Because of a Mistake=145

DeMay v. Roberts=145

B. Defense of Self and Others=150

Silas v. Bowen=150

Drabek v. Sabley=154

C. Privileges Relating to Property=157

1. Defense of Property=157

Katko v. Briney=157

2. Recapture of Chattels=160

3. Detention for Investigation=161

Dillard Department Stores, Inc. v. Silva=161

D. Public Necessity and Private Necessity=164

Surocco v. Geary=164

Wegner v. Milwaukee Mutual Insurance Co.=166

Vincent v. Lake Erie Transp. Co.=168

Ploof v. Putnam=170

E. Unlawful Conduct=172

Barker v. Kallash=172

Chapter 4. Damages=179

A. In General=179

1. Introduction=179

Anderson v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.=179

Meyer ex rel. Coplin v. Fluor Corporation=187

2. The Collateral-Source Rule=189

Helfend v. Southern California Rapid Transit District=189

3. The Avoidable-Consequences Rule=193

Zimmerman v. Ausland=193

4. Pre-Judgment Interest=195

B. Survival and Wrongful-Death Actions=197

Gonzalez v. New York City Housing Authority=200

Damages, Deterrence, and Compensation : Valuing Lives and Safety Precautions / Alan Gunn=205

C. Damages for Loss of Earning Capacity=208

1. Inflation=209

O'Shea v. Riverway Towing Co.=209

2. Taxation of Awards=213

Hoyal v. Pioneer Sand Company, Inc.=214

D. Punitive Damages=217

State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Campbell=220

E. Statutory Limits on Damage Recoveries and Related "Reform" Legislation=231

Chapter 5. Negligence : Basic Principles=235

A. The Concept of Duty=235

Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co.=236

B. The Negligence Balancing Test=242

Nussbaum v. Lacopo=243

Gulf Refining Co. v. Williams=244

United States v. Carroll Towing Co.=246

Negligence as an Economic Concept / Alan Gunn=249

Chicago, B & Q. R.R. Co. v. Krayenbuhl=251

C. The Reasonable-Person Standard=253

1. Considerations the Jury May Take into Account=255

a. Emergencies=255

Young v. Clark=255

b. Physical Disabilities=259

c. Religious Beliefs=261

Williams v. Bright=261

d. Age=263

Goss v. Allen=263

e. Mental Deficiencies=266

Breunig v. American Family Ins. Co.=267

f. Superior Skills or Knowledge=269

g. Legal Malpractice and Medical Malpractice=270

Biomet Inc. v. Finnegan Henderson LLP=270

Russo v. Griffin=278

Boyce v. Brown=282

Scott v. Bradford=288

h. Race, Gender, and Ethnicity=293

John Doe BF v. Diocese of Gallup=295

2. Judge-Made Standards=296

Helling v. Carey=297

3. Standards Created by Statute=300

4. Standards Adopted by Courts Based on Legislation=301

a. In General=301

Gipson v. Kasey=301

Stachniewicz v. Mar-Cam Corp.=304

Miglino v. Bally Total Fitness of Greater New York, Inc.=309

b. Unexcused Violations of Statute=312

Martin v. Herzog=312

c. Excused Violations of Statute=314

Ranard v. O'Neil=314

Zeni v. Anderson=315

d. Compliance with Statute=318

Montgomery v. Royal Motel=318

e. Defenses to Liability Based on Statute=322

D. Special Standards of Care=323

Chapter 6. Proving Negligence=327

A. Evidence of Custom=327

The T.J. Hooper=327

Low v. Park Price Co.=329

B. Circumstantial Evidence=332

1. Constructive Notice=332

Goddard v. Boston & M.R. Co.=332

Anjou v. Boston Elevated Ry. Co.=333

2. Mode of Operation=335

Sheehan v. Roche Brothers Supermarkets, Inc.=335

C. Res Ipsa Loquitur=339

1. Probably the Result of Negligence=339

2. Facts Pointing to the Defendant=341

a. Control=341

Mobil Chemical Co. v. Bell=341

b. Greater Access to Information=347

Mahowald v. Minnesota Gas Co.=347

c. Res Ipsa and Plaintiff's Conduct=349

d. Procedural Effect=350

Mangual v. Berezinsky=350

D. Multiple Defendants=353

Ybarra v. Spangard=353

E. Disposing of Unfavorable Evidence=357

Trevino v. Ortega=357

Chapter 7. Factual Causation=365

A. An Overview of Causation=365

Williams v. Steves Industries, Inc.=365

B. The Traditional Rules of Factual Causation=367

1. Sine Qua Non : The But-For Test=367

Reynolds v. Texas and Pacific Railway Co.=367

Kramer Service, Inc. v. Wilkins=369

Saelzler v. Advanced Group 400=371

2. Independently Sufficient Causes and Related Problems=376

Anderson v. Minneapolis, St. P. & S.S.M. Ry. Co.=376

3. The "Loss of a Chance" Rule=380

Matsuyama v. Birnbaum=380

C. Modifications of the Traditional Approach=388

1. Multiple Fault and Alternative Liability=388

Summers v. Tice=388

2. Market-Share Liability and Enterprise Liability=390

Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories=390

Hymowitz v. Eli Lilly and Co.=398

D. Liability Based on Concerted Action=405

Herman v. Wesgate=405

Lussier v. Bessette=406

E. Incitement=412

Chapter 8. Proximate Causation=417

A. Introduction=417

B. Direct Causation=419

C. Foreseeability=422

Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v. Morts Dock & Engineering Co., Ltd. ("Wagon Mound No.1")=422

Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v. Miller Steamship Co. ("Wagon Mound No. 2")=425

1. The "Eggshell Skull" Doctrine=426

McCahill v. New York Transp. Co.=426

"Eggshell Skulls" and Proximate Cause / Alan Gunn=428

2. Manner of Occurrence and Kind and Extent of Harm=428

Merhi v. Becker=428

Petition of Kinsman Transit Co. ("Kinsman No. 1")=430

Petition of Kinsman Transit Co. ("Kinsman No. 2")=433

D. Result within the Risk=434

1. In General=434

Thompson v. Kaczinski=435

2. Policy and Proximate Cause=442

Avoiding Over-Deterrence / Alan Gunn=443

E. Intervening and Superseding Causes=445

1. Foreseeable End Results=445

Derdiarian v. Felix Contracting Corp.=445

2. Intervening Acts=447

Chapman v. Milford Towing & Service, Inc.=447

Johnson v. Jacobs=449

3. Special Applications of the Rules on Intervening and Superseding Causes=454

a. Rescuers=454

Altamuro v. Milner Hotel, Inc.=454

b. Victim Suicide=459

4. Relationship to Comparative Principles=462

F. Shifting Responsibility=463

Goar v. Village of Stephen=464

Bailey v. Lewis Farm, Inc.=466

Chapter 9. Limited Duty : Failure to Act=471

A. The Traditional Rule of No Liability for Nonfeasance=471

Johnson v. Minnesota=472

B. Qualifications and Exceptions=475

1. Duties Based on the Defendant's Relationship to the Victim or the Injurer=475

De Vera v. Long Beach Public Transportation Co.=475

2. Protection from Crime=483

Remsburg v. Docusearch, Inc.=483

Jones v. Secord=485

Wolfe v. MBNA America Bank=487

3. Mental Health Professionals=490

Peck v. Counseling Service of Addison County, Inc.=490

4. Creation of a Dangerous Situation=494

Borrack v. Reed=494

5. Voluntarily Assumed Duties=498

Coffee v. McDonnell-Douglas Corp.=498

Sall v. T's, Inc.=503

6. Negligent Entrustment=510

McKenna v. Straughan=510

7. Statutes Relating to Rescue=513

C. Abrogation of the General Rule=515

D. The Public-Duty Rule=516

Riss v. City of New York=516

Sorichetti v. City of New York=521

Chapter 10. Limited Duty : Premises Liability=529

A. The Traditional Categories : Trespassers, Licensees, and Invitees=529

1. Trespassers=530

Bonney v. Canadian National Railway Co.=530

Humphrey v. Twin State Gas & Electric Co.=533

Banker v. McLaughlin=534

2. Licensees and Invitees=537

Andrushchenko v. Silchuk=538

Campbell v. Weathers=542

Inkel v. Livingston=545

3. Known or Obvious Dangers=547

B. Modification of the Traditional Approach=548

1. Abrogation=548

Foster v. Costco Wholesale Corp.=549

2. Recreational Use Statutes=552

C. The Demands of Reasonable Care for Possessors=553

1. Ill and Injured Invitees=554

2. Protection Against Crime=555

Trammell Crow Central Texas, Ltd. v. Gutierrez=555

Boyd v. Racine Currency Exchange, Inc.=558

3. Duties to Persons Outside the Premises=560

a. Persons "Invited" onto the Land of Another=560

Orthmann v. Apple River Campground, Inc.=560

D. Lessors and Lessees=565

Matthews v. Amberwood Associates Ltd. Partnership, Inc.=566

Restatement, Third, of Torts : Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm=570

Chapter 11. Limited Duty : Negligent Infliction of Severe Emotional Distress=573

A. Serious and Genuine Harm=573

Lewis v. Westinghouse Electric Corporation=573

B. Some Special Cases=578

Johnson v. New York=579

C. Distress Occasioned by Harm to Another=583

Eskin v. Bartee=585

D. Relationship to Other Actions=590

1. Loss of Consortium=590

Lozoya v. Sanchez=590

2. Breach of Fiduciary Duty=593

F.G. v. MacDonell=594

E. Abrogation of Independent Actions Based on Negligence=599

Boyles v. Kerr=599

Chapter 12. Limited Duty : Alcohol-Related Injuries=605

A. Liability of Sellers=606

New York General Obligations Law=606

B. Liability of "Social Hosts"=610

Kelly v. Gwinnell=610

C. Possessors of Property=615

Del Lago Partners, Inc. v. Smith=615

D. Other Theories of Liability=619

West v. East Tennessee Pioneer Oil Co.=619

Chapter 13. Torts Involving Conception, Pregnancy, Birth, and Adoption=627

A. Unwanted Pregnancy=627

McKernan v. Aasheim=627

B. Wrongful Birth and Wrongful Life=632

Smith v. Cote=632

C. Prenatal Injuries=640

Farley v. Sartin=640

D. Wrongful Adoption=644

Burr v. Board of County Commissioners of Stark County=644

Doe v. Archdiocese of Cincinnati=647

Chapter 14. Strict Liability=649

A. Employer and Employee=650

1. Workers' Compensation=650

New York Workers' Compensation Law=651

2. Respondeat Superior=653

Smith v. Lannert=653

John R. v. Oakland Unified School District=660

3. Nondelegable Duties=664

Davis v. Devereux Foundation=666

Deterrence under Negligence and Strict Liability / Alan Gunn=675

4. Ostensible or Apparent Agency=676

Baptist Memorial Hospital System v. Sampson=676

5. The Fellow-Servant Rule=680

B. Harm Inflicted by Animals=680

C. Abnormally Dangerous Activities=682

Stout v. Warren=682

Tort Liability and Cross-Subsidization / Alan Gunn=689

D. Other Theories=691

1. Motor Vehicle Owner Responsibility Laws=691

2. Family Purpose Doctrine=692

Starr v. Hill=692

Chapter 15. Products Liability=697

A. Historical Background=697

1. From "No Liability" to Negligence=697

2. From Negligence to Strict Liability=698

Escola v. Coca Cola Bottling Co. of Fresno=701

Restatement (Second) of Torts §402A (1965)=704

Restatement, Third, of Torts : Product Liability=706

B. Manufacturing Defects=709

Linden v. CNH America, LLC=709

C. Design Defects=711

Pannu v. Land Rover North America, Inc.=711

Richetta v. Stanley Fastening Systems, L.P.=717

D. Failure to Warn=722

Goins v. The Clorox Co.=722

E. Damage to Property=729

1. Harm to the "Product Itself"=729

2. The Economic Loss Rule(s)=730

Sharyland Water Supply Corp. v. City of Alton=732

F. Defenses=736

1. State-of-the-Art Defense=736

Risk Spreading / Alan Gunn=738

2. Government Contractor Defense=739

3. "Misuse" and Other Plaintiff Misconduct=739

4. Pre-Emption by Federal Law=743

Wyeth v. Levine=743

G. Policy Issues=751

Liability and Safety / Alan Gunn=751

1. Product-Category Liability=751

Chapter 16. Defenses Based on Plaintiff's Conduct=753

A. Traditional Contributory Negligence=753

1. In General=753

2. Imputed Contributory Negligence=754

Western Union Tel. Co. v. Hoffman=754

3. Last Clear Chance=755

B. Comparative Negligence=756

Hilen v. Hays=756

C. Assumption of the Risk=759

1. Introduction=760

Coleman v. Ramada Hotel Operating Co.=760

2. Express Assumption of the Risk=763

Gross v. Sweet=763

3. Primary Implied Assumption of the Risk=771

Turcotte v. Fell=771

Trupia v. Lake George Central School District=777

Minnich v. Med-Waste, Inc.=780

4. Implied Secondary Assumption of Risk=783

Pachunka v. Rogers Construction, Inc.=784

D. Comparative Fault=787

Kaneko v. Hilo Coast Processing=788

E. The "Seatbelt Defense"=794

Chapter 17. Joint Tortfeasors=797

A. Joint and Several Liability=797

1. Definitions=797

2. Divisibility and Apportionment of Harm=798

Michie v. Great Lakes Steel Division, National Steel Corp.=799

Bruckman v. Pena=800

3. Effect of Comparative Negligence and Comparative Fault=802

Incentives Relating to Joint and Several Liability / Alan Gunn=806

B. Contribution and Indemnity=806

Brochner v. Western Insurance Company=806

Leung v. Verdugo Hills Hospital=811

C. Mary Carter Agreements=818

Elbaor v. Smith=818

Chapter 18. Immunities=823

A. Family Immunities=823

1. Spousal Immunity=823

2. Parental Immunity=824

Rousey v. Rousey=825

Sepaugh v. LaGrone=827

3. Sibling Immunity=834

Lickteig v. Kolar=834

B. Sovereign Immunity and Governmental Immunity=836

1. The Federal Tort Claims Act=836

2. State Tort Claims Acts=838

3. Governmental Immunity of Local Entities=839

a. Historical Development=839

b. Local Government Immunity Today=840

Parker v. St. Lawrence County Public Health Department=841

C. Official Immunity=843

1. Federal Officials and Employees=843

2. State Officials and Employees=844

D. Charitable Immunity=847

Albritton v. Neighborhood Centers Association for Child Development=847

Chapter 19. Statutes of Limitations=855

A. Introduction=855

New York C.P.L.R. §214=856

B. Tolling the Statute of Limitations=857

Tyson v. Tyson=857

C. Statutes of Repose=868

Schramm v. Lyon=869

Chapter 20. Interference with Possession or Use of Land : Trespass and Nuisance=873

A. Trespass to Land=874

Gavcus v. Potts=874

B. Trespass and Private Nuisance=877

1. Trespass and Nuisance Distinguished=878

a. The Traditional Distinction=878

b. The Tangible-Mass "Requirement"=879

2. Significant Harm=879

3. Assessing Unreasonableness=881

Prah v. Maretti=882

Winget v. Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc.=886

Smith v. Jersey Central Power & Light Co.=888

The Coase Theorem and the Law of Nuisance / Alan Gunn=891

C. Public Nuisance=895

1. In General=895

2. Public Nuisance and Products Liability=897

NAACP v. AcuSport, Inc.=897

State v. Lead Industries Association, Inc.=903

D. Remedies in Nuisance Cases=909

Spur Industries, Inc. v. Del E. Webb Development Co.=910

Chapter 21. Misrepresentation=915

A. Fraud=915

1. Intentional or Reckless Misrepresentation=915

John Doe 1 v. Archdiocese of Milwaukee=916

Sovereign Pocohontas v. Bond=920

2. Silence and the Duty to Speak=921

Weintraub v. Krobatsch=922

3. Statements of Opinion Prediction Intention, and Law=928

Oltmer v. Zamora=928

Tessier v. Rockefeller=933

National Conversion Corp. v. Cedar Building Corp.=936

4. Justifiable or Reasonable Reliance=938

Italian Cowboy Partners, Ltd. v. Prudential Ins. Co.=940

B. Negligence and Strict Liability=944

1. Negligence Causing Purely Economic Harm=944

2. Negligence Causing Physical Harm=946

3. Strict Liability=947

Richard v. A. Waldman and Sons, Inc.=947

C. Liability to Third Parties=949

1. Based on Deceit=949

2. Based on Negligent Misrepresentation=949

Cast Art Industries, LLC v. KPMG, LLP=950

Audits and the Cheaper Cost Avoider / Alan Gunn=956

Chapter 22. Defamation=957

A. What Statements Are Defamatory?=957

1. Harm to Reputation=957

Grant v. Reader's Digest Association, Inc.=957

2. Assertion of Fact=960

3. Truth=961

4. Of and Concerning the Plaintiff=963

Rose v. Daily Mirror, Inc.=965

5. Publication=966

Economopoulos v. A. G. Pollard Co.=966

B. Libel and Slander=970

C. Constitutional Considerations=972

1. Public Officials and Public Figures=973

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan=973

2. Plaintiffs Who Are Not Public Figures=981

Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.=981

3. Presumed Damages Today=990

W.J.A. v. D.A.=990

Smith v. Durden=994

4. Retraction Statutes=997

5. "Fact" vs. "Opinion"=997

Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.=997

D. Privileges and Defenses=1005

1. Absolute Privileges=1005

a. Judicial-Proceedings Privilege=1005

b. Other Absolute Privileges=1007

2. Qualified Privileges=1007

a. Employers and Employees=1007

b. Others=1008

c. Loss of a Qualified Privilege=1008

d. Statutes Relating to Former Employees=1008

3. The Validity of Releases=1009

4. Other Privileges=1010

5. SLAPP Suits=1011

Chapter 23. Invasion of Privacy=1015

Invasion of Privacy=1015

A. Disclosure of Private Facts=1016

Sidis v. F-R Publishing Corp.=1017

McNamara v. Freedom Newspapers, Inc.=1020

Vassiliades v. Garfinckel's, Brooks Brothers=1021

B. Intrusion upon Seclusion=1026

In re Marriage of Tigges=1028

Koeppel v. Speirs=1031

C. False Light=1035

West v. Media General Convergence, Inc.=1035

D. Unauthorized Use of the Plaintiff's Name or Picture=1042

1. The "Right of Publicity"=1042

Tanner v. Ebbole=1043

2. Deceased Celebrities=1047

Index=1051