영문목차

Preface=xix

Acknowledgments=xxiii

The Constitution=xxvii

The Articles of Confederation=xlv

Chart of Supreme Court Justices=li

PART I. THE FOUNDATION OF MODERN CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS

Chapter 1. The Origins of the Bill of Rights=3

A. The Natural Rights Background of the Constitution=3

1. The Declaration of Independence=4

a. Popular Sovereignty, the Social Compact, and the State of Nature=8

b. Natural Rights as a Constraint on Government=12

B. How the Bill of Rights Came to Be Added to the Constitution=15

1. Anti-Federalist Complaints About the Lack of a Bill of Rights=15

Centinel I, Independent Gazetteer=15

2. Federalist Objections to a Bill of Rights=16

James Wilson, Speech in the Statehouse Yard, Philadelphia=16

James Wilson, Speech to the Pennsylvania Ratification Convention=18

James Iredell, Speech to the North Carolina Ratification Convention=18

3. The Anti-Federalist Reply=19

Brutus II, The New York Journal=19

4. James Madison Delivers on the Promise of a Bill of Rights=20

Madison's Speech to the House Introducing Amendments=21

5. Roger Sherman's Draft Report of the Select Committee on a Bill of Rights=28

6. The Meaning of the Rights "Retained by the People"=30

C. Fundamental Principles vs. Expressed Constraints on Legislative Power=31

Calder v. Bull=32

Fletcher v. Peck=36

D. The Limited Original Scope of the Bill of Rights=39

Barron v. City of Baltimore=40

Chapter 2. Slavery and the Origins of the Fourteenth Amendment=45

A. The Rise of Abolitionist Constitutionalism=45

A Defence for Fugitive Slaves Against the Acts of Congress / Lysander Spooner=48

B. Slavery, Citizenship, and the Due Process of Law=50

Dred Scott v. Sandford=55

Frederick Douglass, Speech Delivered, in Part, at the Anniversary of the American Abolition Society, Held in New York=78

The Constitution of the United States : Is It Pro-Slavery or Anti-Slavery? / Frederick Douglass=82

Chapter 3. Contracting the Scope of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments=85

A. The Adoption of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments=87

B. Contracting the Privileges or Immunities Clause=92

1. Limiting the Privileges or Immunities Clause to Protecting National Rights=92

The Slaughter-House Cases=93

Bradwell v. State of Illinois=109

United States v. Cruikshank=112

2. Did the Original Meaning of "Privileges or Immunities of Citizens of the United States" Include the Bill of Rights?=115

McDonald v. City of Chicago=116

3. Did the Original Meaning of "Privileges or Immunities of the United States" Include Unenumerated Rights?=129

C. Limiting the Amendment to Protecting Against State Action=134

The Civil Rights Cases=136

D. Defining and Limiting the Scope of the Equal Protection Clause=151

1. Looking Behind Facially Neutral Laws=151

Yick Wo v. Hopkins=152

2. The "Separate but Equal" Doctrine=154

Plessy v. Ferguson=155

Chapter 4. Expanding the Scope of the Due Process Clause=167

A. The Due Process Clause Meets the Rise of the Regulatory State=168

1. Applying Fundamental Rights to the States via the Due Process Clause=170

Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. v. City of Chicago=171

2. Using the Due Process Clause to Protect "Economic" Liberty=175

Lochner v. State of New York=177

Bailey v. State of Alabama=188

Buchanan v. Warley=193

Muller v. State of Oregon=197

Adkins v. Children's Hospital of District of Columbia=200

3. Using the Due Process Clause to Protect "Personal" Liberty=205

Meyer v. State of Nebraska=206

Pierce v. Society of the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary=208

B. The Presumption of Constitutionality=210

1. Establishing the Presumption of Constitutionality=210

O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.=211

Nebbia v. People of State of New York=215

West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish=220

2. Qualifying the Presumption of Constitutionality=223

United States v. Carolene Products Co.=224

Democracy and Distrust : A Theory of Judicial Review / John Hart Ely=228

3. What About the Ninth Amendment?=228

United Public Workers v. Mitchell=230

4. Making the Presumption of Constitutionality Irrebuttable=232

Lee Optical of Oklahoma v. Williamson=233

Williamson v. Lee Optical of Oklahoma=238

PART II. THE EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAW

Chapter 5. Racial Discrimination=243

A. Rejecting "Separate but Equal"=244

1. Racial Discrimination by State Governments=244

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka=247

2. Racial Discrimination by the Federal Government=251

Bolling v. Sharpe=251

3. Is Brown Reconcilable with Original Meaning?=252

Originalism and the Desegregation Decisions / Michael W. McConnell=253

Brown, Originalism, and Constitutional Theory : A Response to Professor McConnell / Michael J. Klarman=261

The Originalist Justification for Brown : A Reply to Professor Klarman / Michael W. McConnell=263

4. Racial Classifications Applying Equally to Whites and Others=268

Loving v. Virginia=268

5. Discerning Discrimination Intent or Discriminatory Impact?=271

Washington v. Davis=272

B. "Reverse" Racial Discrimination=275

1. Admission to School=276

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke=277

Grutter v. Bollinger=286

Gratz v. Bollinger=297

Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1=300

2. Employment=306

Adarand Constructors v. Pena=306

An Act to Establish a Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees=317

Chapter 6. Sex Discrimination and Other Types=319

A. Sex Discrimination and Intermediate Scrutiny=319

Frontiero v. Richardson=321

Craig v. Boren=324

United States v. Virginia=328

B. Other Types of Discrimination and "Heightened" Rational Basis Scrutiny=338

Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.=339

Romer v. Evans=347

PART III. THE DUE PROCESS OF LAW

Chapter 7. Modern Substantive Due Process=359

A. Protecting the Unenumerated Right of Privacy=359

Griswold v. Connecticut=363

Loving v. Virginia=376

Roe v. Wade=377

B. Two Approaches to Protecting Liberty Under the Due Process Clauses=390

1. Protecting "Fundamental Rights"=390

Bowers v. Hardwick=391

Washington v. Glucksberg=399

Troxel v. Granville=413

2. Protecting "Liberty"=416

Planned Parenthood v. Casey=417

Washington v. Glucksberg=434

Gonzales v. Carhart=436

Lawrence v. Texas=443

Raich v. Gonzales=462

PART IV. THE FIRST AMENDMENT

Chapter 8. Freedoms of Speech and Press=471

A. Punishing Sedition=472

1. Sedition and Prior or Previous Restraint=472

The Virginia Resolution=474

The Kentucky Resolution=476

2. Sedition and "Clear and Present Danger"=481

Schenck v. United States=482

Debs v. United States=484

Abrams v. United States=487

Gitlow v. People of State of New York=490

Stromberg v. California=495

B. What Constitutes "Speech"?=496

1. When Is Conduct Speech?=497

United States v. O'Brien=497

Texas v. Johnson=501

R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul=507

2. Does Money Equal Speech?=512

Buckley v. Valeo=513

McConnell v. Federal Election Commission=522

Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. Federal Election Commission=535

Davis v. Federal Election Commission=541

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission=548

Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett=577

C. What Constitutes "Abridging" the Freedom of Speech?=595

1. Does the First Amendment Ever Protect Speech That Is Tortious?=595

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan=597

Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.=603

Snyder v. Phelps=608

United States v. Alvarez=617

2. Is the Press Exempt from General Laws?=628

Branzburg v. Hayes=629

Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.=633

3. May the Government Mandate Access to the Press?=636

Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. Federal Communications Commission=637

Miami Herald v. Tornillo=641

D. Is Some Speech Less Worthy of Protection?=644

1. "Obscene" and Sexually Explicit Speech=644

Stanley v. Georgia=644

Miller v. California=647

Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition=652

United States v. Williams=658

2. Other Offensive Forms of Speech=663

United States v. Stevens=664

Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n=672

3. Commercial Speech=690

Virginia Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Consumer Council=691

Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Serv. Commission=694

Lorillard Tobacco v. Reilly=697

Chapter 9. Freedom of Association=703

A. Compulsory Disclosure of Membership=704

NAACP v. Alabama=704

Buckley v. Valeo=706

McConnell v. Federal Election Commission=710

B. Compulsory Expression=711

Abood v. Detroit Board of Education=711

Board of Regents University of Wisconsin v. Southworth=713

Knox v. SEIU=718

C. Compulsory Association=725

Roberts v. United States Jaycees=726

Boy Scouts of America v. Dale=733

Chapter 10. The Free Exercise of Religion=745

A. Belief vs. Conduct=745

Reynolds v. United States=747

B. Generally Applicable Laws Impeding Free Exercise=751

Sherbert v. Verner=752

Employment Division, Dept. of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith=753

Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah=757

Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente União do Vegetal=764

Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission=768

Chapter 11. No Establishment of Religion=779

A. Government "Entanglement" with Religion=781

Lemon v. Kurtzman=781

B. Government "Endorsement" of Religion=785

Marsh v. Chambers=786

The Detached Memorandum / James Madison=787

Lee v. Weisman=789

C. Governmental "Purpose" to Advance Religion=804

McCreary County, Kentucky v. ACLU of Kentucky=805

Van Orden v. Perry=820

PART V. THE SECOND AMENDMENT

Chapter 12. The Right to Keep and Bear Arms=829

A. Does the Second Amendment Protect an Individual Right?=830

District of Columbia v. Heller=832

B. Does the Individual Right to Keep and Bear Arms Apply to States?=855

McDonald v. City of Chicago=857

C. How Should Regulations of Firearms Be Scrutinized?=881

The Reasonable Regulation of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms / Gary E. Barnett=881

Nordyke v. King=884

Ezell v. City of Chicago=889

PART VI. THE TAKINGS CLAUSE OF THE FIFTH AMENDMENT

Chapter 13. Taking Private Property for Public Use=899

A. What Is a "Taking"?=901

Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon=901

Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. Debenedictis=904

Nollan v. California Coastal Commission=916

Dolan v. City of Tigard=921

B. What Is a "Public Use"?=926

Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff=927

Kelo v. City of New London=932

Table of Cases=949

Index=953