영문목차

Preface=xvi

Chapter 1. The Evolution of ICT Institutions in Thailand and Malaysia : A country's national technology strategies can be an important contributor to economic development through its support of technology adoption and by advancing the national technology capacity. The development of a domestic information and communications technology (ICT) sector within a developing country requires the creation of specialized institutions that carefully coordinate their initiatives with the private sector. This case study research of Thai and Malaysian science and technology (S&T) institutions shows that this institutional and policy reform process is directly influenced by regional activities, as countries seek to match their regional peers for technology development. This effort to support ICT utilization requires governments to rapidly alter their policy goals and initiatives in response to shifts in technologies, global market demand, international investment, and local workforce capabilities. / Nicholas Maynard [RAND Corporation, USA]=1

Chapter 2. Moving with Time and Strategy : India and Bangladesh's Development in the Era of ICTs : This chapter presents evidence of using information and communication technologies (ICTs) towards the goal of sustainable community development. It argues that the biggest impediment to the growth of communities in the developing world is a lack of information and a fair incentive system, both of which can be addressed through ICTs. A three pronged action plan comprising of a development strategy, an information strategy, and a technology strategy is proposed towards this effect. The paper also showcases how a for-profit business, ITC Limited, transformed the face of agriculture in some parts of India, and how this model can be replicated in other parts of the world. It concludes with a description of the agricultural sector in Bangladesh and show how lessons drawn from the Indian case can be applied to Bangladesh and other developing countries. / Sandeep Bhaskar [Temple University, USA]=23

Chapter 3. E-Government's Role in Poverty Alleviation : Case Study of South Africa : Governments the world over are increasingly implementing e-government systems as part of public sector reforms to enhance good governance and service delivery. This chapter reviews successful e-government projects in South Africa. E-governance is seen as a panacea to country's several challenges of service delivery, poverty, inequality, democracy, respect for human rights, and corruption. The South African government understands the urgency of addressing poverty and improving service delivery to majority of citizens who were marginalized during white majority rule. Most of South Africa's black majority, for example, lives in poverty compared to their white counterparts. To address these imbalances projects are guided by the principle of public service for all under the brand Batho Pele (meaning people first). Some e-government projects in South Africa have borne fruits ; they empowered people to overcome development obstacles, have helped fight poverty and uplift the socio-economic and living standards of citizens. The challenges facing the e-government projects include high costs of broadband access, diversity of languages that need to be converted to the language of the Internet, red tape and bureaucratic system, as well as financial sustainability and the use of top down design approaches in projects with little or no initial user involvement. / Stephen M. Mutula [University of Botswana, Botswana]=44

Chapter 4. Capacity Development Initiatives for Grass Roots Communities : Two Cases : The world has seen the unprecedented development of information and communications technologies (ICTs) and adoption of their diversified methods in elevating all forms of human endeavors. Even a few years back, it was fashionable to speak about the global village. In recent years, many countries have taken leading role in implementing innovative ICT products to accelerate their national developments, enhance their livelihoods, strengthened their national economies and improve their governance systems. This has been observed that those countries could reap the most benefits out of ICT strategies, which could penetrate at the lowest tier of their governance system. In this context, human development is an element of importance. This research emphasizes that cumulative human development through community approach would be the next level of knowledge dynamics across the world. It also argues that as much the country provides thrust on capacity development initiatives at the grass roots, it has more opportunity to reach at greater context of governance system. This chapter would like to focus on two cases, which penetrated the grass roots reaching out to the community level, act as catalyst to strengthen their national economy and government. Some features and perspectives of e-Sri Lanka and e-Korea are being discussed here to provide insight into these cases, so that researchers in developing and transitional economies could gain knowledge. / Hakikur Rahman [ICMS, Bangladesh]=69

Chapter 5. Citizen-Centric Service Dimensions of Indian Rural E-Governance Systems : An Evaluation : E-governance systems in India have witnessed prolific advancement over the years. India has strategically adopted e-governance as a part of its policy. In recent times each state has its own e-governance plan to deliver services as planned. National policy also aims to provide formalized services across the nation while recognizing the importance of state specific services. This approach includes various mission mode projects under national e-governance plan (NeGP). Manifestation of such approach has resulted in 100,000 common service centers (CSC) in rural areas. It is expected that rural citizens would find them useful and it may contribute for effective governance. In this chapter it is argued that such an initiative would be successful if rural citizens find these CSCs useful for their livelihood security. Various dimensions of this phenomenon are also examined through some cases in this chapter to understand their contributions to successful CSCs in India. / Harekrishna Misra [Institute of Rural Management Anand, India]=105

Chapter 6. Community Practices to Improve E-Governance at the Grass Roots : Wide use of information technologies has lead governments across the globe to adopt the new nature of governance system for their citizens, businesses and within the government structure. Governance systems nowadays do not only enclave simply the dissemination of government regulations and directives to their stakeholders, but also target to improve their knowledge and capacity. At the threshold, by putting the information technologies as a thrust sector for many years and with well adopted e-governance framework, several countries have achieved remarkable success. However, many of them despite diversified efforts could not put into the track mainstreaming electronic format of the governance system. This research feel that to improve the governance system, inclusion of grass roots participants are necessary and nurturing of community practices targeting to raise their knowledge and skills through an adoptive e-governance framework would enhance the process. As a case study, it put forwards a case from UNDP, including hints on similar other cases. / Hakikur Rahman [ICMS, Bangladesh]=134

Chapter 7. Quest for Economic Empowerment of Rural Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania : ICTs Leapfrog the Digital Divide : This case describes field research investigations that were conducted in Tanzania from June 2008 to June 2009 to examine access to, and use of cell phones by women residing in rural villages and in a nearby urban center. Rural villages were considered critical in this study as key players in the wellbeing of traditional rural families. / Ladislaus Semali [Pennsylvania State University, USA]=180

Chapter 8. A Synopsis of Information Communication Technologies Applications in Agro-Based Livelihoods in Nigeria : This paper examines the applications of information communication technologies in agro-based livelihoods in Nigeria. A multipurpose community information access point was established at a pilot level in Ago-Are, Oyo State, Nigeria. The center equipped with basic ICT infrastructures including Internet connectivity made available through a VSAT, provided timely solutions to the basic problems of farmers' lack of information on agriculture, lack of access to inputs and output markets, and lack of access to some basic but relatively expensive equipment. The services include the Answering Farmer's Needs-a private-public collaborative project involving several organizations. There is also the Fantsuam Foundation, a not-for-profit organization that works with farmers in rural communities in Northern Nigeria with an on-going micro-credit project aimed at alleviating poverty among rural women. The paper highlights the synergistic use and challenges for each of these projects and proffers suggestions for the adoption and adaptation in different parts of the world. / O. I. Oladele [North-West University, South Africa]=195

Chapter 9. Innovative Use of ICT in Namibia for Nationhood : Special Emphasis on The Namibian Newspaper : Namibia was under colonizing and apartheid rule for more than a century. In 1990, the country declared its independence, and since that time, great strides have been made in linking its rural communities into a national communications Grid that was previously inaccessible to them, often leapfrogging traditional landline telephone technologies with universal cell phone service. In addition, one newspaper, The Namibian, has been innovatively using newer communications technologies to maintain its historic role of nation-building. This chapter showcases how SMS via cell phone and a traditional national newspaper has a sense of national identity that transcends geographic distances and a legacy of economic/political barriers. The cell phone messages made it possible for the rural communities who have been left out of discussion relating to issues of development to be included. Although the study unveiled 11% of their participation as opposed to 30% of the rural populace, this is a step forward bearing in mind that the rural areas have a history of being passively involved in everything that is being done. They have been, and continue to some great extent to be content to receive decisions made for them by outsiders including political leaders. Mobile phones have come as empowerment for them. Like the old slogan, "information is power," this chapter illustrates that the lives of some rural area dwellers have improved a result of a technological gadget, the mobile phone. / Tutaleni I. Asino [Penn State University, USA] ; Hilary Wilder [William Paterson University, USA] ; Sharmila Pixy Ferris [William Paterson University, USA]=205

Chapter 10. ICT-Supported Education for Sustainable Development of South Korean Rural Communities : The rural communities in South Korea have faced serious challenges as the country has gradually opened the agricultural market and extended the conclusion of Free Trade Agreement with more and more countries. Moreover, due to the national socio-economic and political structures, South Korea has been undergoing the technological imbalance between rural and urban areas. In order to cope with these vital social challenges, the South Korean government has exerted considerable investment and effort in establishing ICT knowledge and skills as well as infrastructure in rural areas. Thus, conceptualizing ICT in the context of adult education, this chapter addresses three ICT-supported adult education programs oriented toward developing ICT skills and competencies of people in agricultural areas of South Korea. The South Korean cases of agricultural ICT education represent the vast and concentrated national efforts in integrating ICT across rural areas in this fast changing global situation. / K. P. Joo [Penn State University, USA]=217

Chapter 11. ICTs for Improved Service Delivery : A Case of Smart Switch Card of the Social Safety Nets Programs in Botswana : In Botswana the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) smart switch card system, an offshoot of the Universal Electronic Payment System (UEPS), was recently introduced. It is a worldwide communication device that is digital in providing information to the users. In Botswana, it serves to administer food and basic needs offered to the vulnerable people as one of the pillars of development in terms of catering for the needy. Furthermore, it is used to empower orphans, destitute, and HIV/AIDS home-based patients in the Social Safety Nets programs, replacing all the other strategies that were used previously. The previous program was a manual system whereby beneficiaries were getting their social grants through lining up at their district councils' office doorstep for attendants to use the roll call. The old system demanded commercial businesses to tender for supply of items to the vulnerable population, but it posed some challenges and frustrations to beneficiaries and the government. / Keba Hulela [Botswana(Bostwana) College of Agriculture, Botswana]=240

Chapter 12. Experiencing the Functionality of Mathematical Indigenous ICTs on Community Development : A Case of Farm House Dairy Product : The use of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) in agriculture is fundamental to rural development especially in the 21st century (Rashid, et al., 2007). This chapter thus illustrates the use of an indigenous technology using the case of Madila production in a Dairy House Farm at Molapowabojang, a rural village in Southern District of Botswana. The Dairy House Farm started production in 2002 with the aim of producing both fresh and sour or curdled milk (Madila). Although traditionally madila was for subsistence family consumption, the use of community-compatible ICT, namely, sieve like plastic bag, natural sun beam and cooling system made from a wooden shelter, combined with modern machines such as milking machines, milk tubes attached to the cow's udder have enabled the Dintwa family to convert the practice into commercial industry. / Kgomotso G. Garegae [University of Botswana, Botswana]=253

Chapter 13. A Citizen-Centric Platform to Support Networking in the Area of E-Democracy : This chapter describes experiences acquired during the research work conducted as part of the European Project Tell Me (www.tellmeproject.eu). The project envisaged to support the pan-European creation of Living Labs as new forms of cooperation between government, enterprises, citizens and academia for a successful transfer of e-Government, e-Democracy and e-Services state-of-the art applications, solutions, know-how and best practices. In this chapter the authors explore the potential of providing an existing system (DEMOS) allowing moderated and goal-oriented discourses between citizens and policy makers to become parts of open-ended ventures on the creation of collaborative networks for Electronic Democracy. This work would also recommend that this form of support network elevates e-Democracy of a country and thus improves e-governance systems at the grass roots. / Francesco Molinari [ALTEC S.A., Greece] ; Christopher Wills [Kingston University, UK] ; Adamantios Koumpis [ALTEC S.A., Greece] ; Vasiliki Moumtzi [ALTEC S.A., Greece]=265

Chapter 14. E-Insurance Project : How to Develop Novel Electronic Services with Cooperation between Academics and Practitioners : This case study covers two R&D projects called eInsurance 1 and eInsurance 2, which are concerned with electronic insurance. This case emphasizes project organization, its activities and roles, together with the results of the projects. In addition, the structure and innovation level of the projects are analyzed and the challenges involved in launching the concepts into insurance markets are presented. The most important outcomes of the projects are novel service concepts, and valuable information of consumer expectations that corporate partners utilized in their R&D activities. For research partners, the projects brought ideas, how to organize future projects in new ways, and how to combine academic and business expertise successfully. / Raija Järvinen [Aalto University School of Economics, Finland] ; Jarno Salonen [VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland] ; Aki Ahonen [OP-Pohjola Group, Finland] ; Jouni Kivistö-Rahnasto [Tampere University of Technology, Finland]=298

Chapter 15. Paradigms, Science, and Technology : The Case of E-Customs : This chapter explores the concept of paradigms, science, and technology in the context of information technology (IT). Therefore, the linear model of Francis Bacon and Thomas Kuhn's notion of scientific paradigms are reviewed. This review reveals that the linear model has to be advanced, and supports the adoption of Kuhnian ideas from science to technology. As IT paradigms transform business processes, a five-level concept is introduced for deriving managerial implications and guidelines. Within the case of e-customs, a European-funded project tries to ease border security and control by adopting a common standardized e-customs solution across the public sector in Europe. The rise of the IT paradigm within customs and its effect on business operations will be explained. This chapter contributes to the research in diffusion and adoption of innovation using science progress and the interplay of science and technology as dominant concepts. / Roman Boutellier [ETH Zurich, Switzerland] ; Mareike Heinzen [ETH Zurich, Switzerland] ; Marta Raus [ETH Zurich, Switzerland]=323

Chapter 16. GIS : A New Tool for Criminology and Victimology's Studies : The advent of the GIS technology has revolutionized the traditional field of information and cartographic production. The GIS, indeed, enables the management of much more numerous and more complex data and it is able to overcome the static and the traditional two-dimensional cartography. The Geographic Information Systems (GIS), that is used in various fields and disciplines, represent, also, in the university research, a valuable tool for investigation. In criminology, in particular, it has facilitated, regarding the city of Bologna, on the one hand, a kind of crime mapping on the nature of the so called "petty crimes" within the jurisdiction of the criminal Justice of the Peace, and the creation of a city's map on which have been identified support centers for victims operating in them. The use of GIS software is the basis in order to realize and put into practice not only operational measures designed to combat and to prevent crime, but it is also of help to social control measures, to public policy and to security. To the end of ensuring public safety, nowadays, it is essential, to have a clear, spatial and graphics representation, of the high concentrations of crime areas and of the degraded ones, in which there is a greater likelihood that some type of crime is committed. / Elena Bianchini ["lAma Mater Studiorum," University of Bologna, Italy] ; Sandra Sicurella ["lAma Mater Studiorum." University of Bologna, Italy]=352

Chapter 17. Towards a Customer Centric E-Government Application : The Case of E-Filing in Malaysia : Information Communication Technology (ICT) has played an important role in today's global economy. Many countries have gained successful growth due to the implementation of ICT. In Malaysia, increased utilization of ICT has contributed significantly to the total factor productivity. One of the main contributing factors is the e-commerce and Internet based services. Therefore, this case study aims to examine the contribution of the newly introduced E-government application, namely E-filing system. E-filing system is a newly developed online tax submission services offered by the government to the tax payers in the country where they are able to easily, quickly and safely file their tax returns. The primary discussion in this case study concerns Malaysia's ICT revolution, followed by the introduction of E-Filing system, the challenges and barriers faced by the government, and the chapter concludes with future trends in the implementation of this system. / Santhanamery Thominathan [Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia, Malaysia] ; Ramayah Thurasamy [Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia]=381

Chapter 18. Road Safety 2.0 : A Case of Transforming Government's Approach to Road Safety by Engaging Citizens through Web 2.0 : The aim of this case study is first, to determine the extent to which web 2.0 can be the technology that would enable a strong relationship between government and its citizens to develop in managing road safety and second, to examine the endeavours of the WA Office of Road Safety (ORS) in fostering the relationship. It shows that in ORS' road safety strategy for 2008-2020, community engagement is strongly advocated for the successful development and execution of its road safety plan but the potential of web 2.0 approaches in achieving it is not recognised. This would involve the use of blogs and RSS as suitable push strategies to get road safety information to the public. Online civic engagement would harness collective intelligence ('the wisdom of crowds') and, by enabling the public to annotate information on wikis, layers of value could be added so that the public become co-developers of road safety strategy and policy. The case identifies three major challenges confronting the ORS to become Road Safety 2.0 ready : how to gain the publics' attention in competition with other government agencies, how to respond internally to online citizen engagement, and how to manage governmental politics. / Dieter Fink [Edith Cowan University, Australia]=399

Chapter 19. The Egyptian National Post Organization Past, Present and Future : The Transformational Process Using ICT : Over the last 20 years, the international postal sector has changed drastically due to several forces, including globalization, changing technology, greater demands for efficient services and market liberalization. For Egypt, keeping up with the changing atmosphere in the global market meant investing in information and communication technology. The Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MCIT), as part of its efforts to transforming government performance using ICT, chose the Egyptian National Post Organization (ENPO) as a model for ICT integrated government portal. The selection was due to ENPO's extensive network, the public's confidence and its trust in the organization. The case of ENPO, capitalizing on public-private partnership models, proved successful when reflecting ICT deployment for organizational transformation within the context of an emerging economy. In addition to its importance in providing eGovernment services to citizens, ENPO is evolving as a critical medium for effectively developing Egypt's eCommerce. This case study takes an in-depth look at how ICT has improved the quality and range of services offered by ENPO, while asserting the magnitude of its impact on the country's emergence as a competitor in today's global postal market. / Sherif Kamel [The American University in Cairo, Egypt]=422

Chapter 20. Vision Impairment and Electronic Government : The visually-impaired are in a distinctive disadvantage when using computer screens based on visual presentation of data. Their situation becomes increasingly critical, as most society services, including issues such as e-Commerce, e-Business, e-Health, and e-Government go on-line. Yet modern technologies can too offer solutions to their problems, both at hardware and software level, and often with reasonable cost. Effective ICT can open up new communication channels and functionalities for say totally blind people, which would not have been available for them otherwise. General sensitivity for this issue, and especially, sensitivity among designers of governmental e-services must be developed. E-Government is an especially demanding activity area as it comes to all sorts of imparities (not just vision impairment), as governmental services are often in a monopoly service delivery situation : citizen have to use them, and there is often no other alternative. The issue binds it to the wider discussion on digital divide, where vision impairment is one cause for digital divide, and often very devastating, especially if still combined with other sources of digital divide. / Reima Suomi [Turku School of Economics, Finland] ; Irene Krebs [Brandenburgische Technische Universität, Germany]=449

Compilation of References=462

About the Contributors=498

Index=508