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List of figures=xii

List of tables=xiv

List of contributors=xv

Preface and acknowledgements=xxiv

1. A changing environment for human security / KAREN O'BRIEN ; LINDA SYGNA ; JOHANNA WOLF=1

PART I. Reality check=25

2. Human security in the Anthropocene : the implications of earth system analysis / SIMON DALBY=27

3. Climate change and security / JON BARNETT=34

4. Lines in the shifting sand : the strategic politics of climate change, human security and national defense / BETSY HARTMANN=46

5. Sustainable urbanization and human security / HALVARD BUHAUG ; HENRIK URDAL ; GUDRUN ØSTBY=56

6. Urban risk and vulnerability : insights and lessons from Latin American cities / PATRICIA ROMERO-LANKAO ; MERCY CORDOVA BORBOR ; EDUARDO BEHRENTZ ; LAURA DAWIDOWSKI=67

7. Uncertainty as insecurity : lessons on preparing for contingencies in Japan / OSCAR A. GÓMEZ=83

8. Human security at risk : development impacts of global environmental change in drylands / PAUL L. LUCAS ; MARCEL T.J. KOK ; HENK B.M. HILDERINK ; MATTHIAS K.B. LÜDEKE=91

PART II. Breakthrough conditions=105

Perspectives=105

9. Social ecological resilience and human security / KATRINA BROWN=107

10. Climate change and the global financial crisis : stresses, synergies, and challenges for human security / ROBIN M. LEICHENKO ; KAREN O'BRIEN ; WILLIAM D. SOLECKI=117

11. National level policies versus local level realities―can the two be reconciled to promote sustainable adaptation? / KATHARINE VINCENT ; LARS OTTO NAESS ; MARISA GOULDEN=126

12. Fisheries, resource management and climate change : local perspectives of change in coastal communities in Northern Norway / GRETE K. HOVELSRUD ; JENNIFER WEST ; HALVOR DANNEVIG=135

13. Stuck in the twilight zone or moving towards sustainable climate adaptation? Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Coastby / SOFIE STORBJÖRK ; JOHAN HEDRÉN=147

14. The rights of internally displaced persons in connection with natural hazard-related disasters / VIKRAM KOLMANNSKOG=157

15. Cities, human security and global environmental change / DAVID SIMON ; HAYLEY LECK=170

16. Suburbia on fire : human security, climate change and emergency management / JASON FLANAGAN ; JOHN HANDMER=181

17. Ethics, environmental change and human security / ROBERTO P. GUIMARÃES=191

Paradigms=201

18. From poverty to prosperity : addressing growth, equity and ethics in a changing environment / ASUNCIÓN LERA ST. CLAIR ; VICTORIA LAWSON=203

19. REDD+ and the global discourse on climate change and poverty / DESMOND MCNEILL=216

20. Climate change adaptation : challenging the mainstream / PHILIP IRELAND ; PETER KEEGAN=224

21. Why the discursive environment matters : the UK Climate Impacts Programme and adaptation to climate change / ELSPETH OPPERMANN=234

22. The institutionalisation of vulnerable conditions and a case study from Germany / CHRISTIAN KUHLICKE=248

23. Disaster risk and vulnerability reduction / BEN WISNER=257

Empowerment=277

24. Individual and community empowerment for human security / SUSANNE C. MOSER=279

25. Community empowerment : opportunities and challenges for Bolivia's water sector / PAOLA RAMALLO ; ELENA OSTROVSKAYA=294

26. Human-environmental integration and social power in global environmental change research / DAVID MANUEL-NAVARRETE=305

27. Human security and personal responsibilities in light of climate change defeatism and complacency / THOMAS HEYD=316

28. The social handprint of sustainable citizenship / BRONWYN HAYWARD=327

29. Disaster risk reduction informing climate change adaptation : social capital in Agüita de la Perdiz / PAULINA ALDUNCE ; VIRGINIA LEVÍN ; ALEJANDRO LEÓN=336

30. Social network actors and novel information for adaptive capacity / FIONA J.Y. ROTBERG=348

Integration of knowledge and action=361

31. Understanding how to respond to climate change in a context of transformational change : the contribution of sustainable adaptation / SIRI ERIKSEN=363

32. Sustainability and cities : meeting the grand challenge for the twenty-first century / PETER J. MARCOTULLIO ; WILLIAM D. SOLECKI=375

33. A tetra-transition away from fossil fuels / SVEIN JARLE HORN=392

34. Uncovering the essence of the climate change adaptation agenda : the policy sciences as a problem-oriented approach / CAROLINA E. ADLER ; AMANDA H. LYNCH=402

35. Changing places : migration and adaptation to climate change / HELEN ADAMS ; W. NEIL ADGER=413

36. Clumsy solutions to environmental change : lessons from cultural theory / MICHAEL THOMPSON=424

PART III. Transformations : past and future=433

37. 'Clumsy solutions' and 'elegant failures' : lessons on climate change adaptation from the settlement of the North Atlantic islands / ANDREW J. DUGMORE ; THOMAS H. MCGOVERN ; RICHARD STREETER ; CHRISTIAN KOCH MADSEN ; KONRAD SMIAROWSKI ; CHRISTIAN KELLER=435

38. The future is now : human security as a choice / JOHANNA WOLF ; KAREN O'BRIEN ; LINDA SYGNA=452

Index=459

Tables

6.1. Selected environmental, socioeconomic and demographic indicators=74

9.1. Policy prescriptions on resilience.=109

11.1. Adaptations observed in rural case studies in Uganda, Tanzania and South Africa=128

12.1. Development in population and number of fishermen in the case communities from 1970 to 2008=137

24.1. Definitions of human security and empowerment=283

30.1. Social network actors and their attributes, Tartapara, Bangladesh=353

30.2. Social network function during wet and dry seasons, and "hothat ban" (sudden flood) scenario=356

32.1. Distribution of urban population, 1970-2010=377

32.2. Largest urban agglomerations, 2010=378

34.1. Summary of issues of concern=407

34.2. Contradicting problem definitions and perspectives prevalent in the Alpine Shire tourism sector, and components associated with their myths=409

35.1. Projected fast onset, slow onset and long-term hazards from projected climate change and potential associations with future population displacement and migration=415

Figures

5.1. Frequency of urban social disorder and city population by year, 1960-2006=61

6.1. A conceptual framework of urban vulnerability and risk=72

6.2. Buenos Aires : negative correlation between temperature and mortality=75

6.3. Mexico City : positive correlation between PM10, and mortality=76

8.1. Projected child mortality due to inadequate access to food, safe drinking water and basic sanitation, and modern energy sources, for variant I=94

8.2. Projected child mortality levels for the three variants, for 2015 and 2030=95

8.3. Vulnerability profiles of small-holder farmers in dryland areas=97

8.4. Distribution of vulnerability patterns of small-holder farmers in dryland areas in developing countries=98

10.1. A schematic of the double exposure framework=119

12.1. The case study sites in Northern Norway : Vestvågøy in Nordland County and Hammerfest, Lebesby and Unjárga/Nesseby in Finnmark County=137

22.1. The institutionalisation of vulnerable conditions=254

25.1. Ravelo River Basin, Bolivia=298

25.2. Summer landscape in the Municipality of Ravelo=299

25.3. Panoramic view of the city of Sucre=300

29.1. (a) and (b) Landslides in Agüita de la Perdiz, June 2005=339

29.2. (a) and (b) Houses built on high slopes, Caracol hill, Agüita de la Perdiz=340

30.1. Depiction of the social network in Tartapara during wet and dry seasons=354

30.2. Depiction of Tartapara network during "hothat ban" scenario=355

33.1. The four quadrants and some examples of scientific disciplines=395

33.2. Four quadrant analysis of factors important for the transition away from fossil fuels=397

34.1. Location of Alpine Shire, Victoria, Australia=406

35.1. Environmental and social implications of migration in sending and receiving areas related to individual migration decision-making=418

36.1. The four forms of social solidarity and their associated premises (or myths of nature)=425

37.1. The Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland were settled during the Viking Age=437

37.2. Cultural schemata : filtering experience, legitimizing action=438

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Environmental change presents a new context and new opportunities for transformational change. This timely book will inspire new ways of understanding the relationship between environmental change and human security. A Changing Environment for Human Security: Transformative Approaches to Research, Policy and Action both supports and informs a call for new, transformative approaches to research, policy and action. The chapters in this book include critical analyses, case studies and reflections on contemporary environmental and social challenges, with a strong emphasis on those related to climate change. Human thoughts and actions have contributed to an environment of insecurity, manifested as multiple interacting threats that now represent a serious challenge to humanity. Yet humans also have the capacity to collectively transform the economic, political, social and cultural systems and structures that perpetuate human insecurities.

These fresh perspectives on global environmental change from an interdisciplinary group of international experts will inspire readers ? whether students, researchers, policy makers, or practitioners ? to think differently about environmental issues and sustainability. The contributions show that in a changing environment, human security is not only a possibility, but a choice.



This agenda-setting book provides readers with a clear understanding of why responses to issues such as climate change, land use change, and biodiversity loss matter to present generations, and which types of responses are likely to create an equitable and sustainable life for future generations. Fresh perspectives on global environmental change from an interdisciplinary group of international experts will inspire readers ? whether students, policy makers, or practitioners ? to think differently about environmental issues and sustainable development.



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