XIV.1. The Supreme Court of the United States c. 1889. Back Row, L. to R. : Rufus Peckham, George Shiras, Edward D. White, Joseph McKenna. Front Row, L. to R. : David Brewer, John Marshall Harlan, Melvin Fuller, Horace Gray, Henry Billings Brown. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-56711]=6

XIV.2. Two girls wear sashes protesting child labor, one in English and the other in Yiddish. New York City, where this photo was taken (probably on Labor Day, May 1, 1909), was home to many immigrants who worked in garment factories notorious for the use of child labor. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-DIG-ppmsca-06591]=11

XIV.3. Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt (c. 1901). Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-38468]=14

XIV.4. Political Cartoon titled Lawyers at Least Have Plenty to Be Thankful For (November 19, 1913). Lawyers swarm a turkey marked "Income Tax Litigation," cutting away slices for themselves. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-DIG-ppmsca-28000]=23

XIV.5. Members of the Anti-Saloon League pose for a photo in Washington, D.C. (December 8, 1921). The League was effective in lobbying for prohibition. A flag bearing the number 18, in celebration of the Eighteenth Amendment, hangs behind them. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division=26

XIV.6. Photo of suffragist Florence Jaffray "Daisy" Harriman holding a banner reading, "'Failure Is Impossible'―Susan B. Anthony―Votes for Women" (c. 1910-15). Harriman was a social reformer, an advocate for women's rights, and, later in her career, U.S. Minister to Norway during WWII. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-DIG-ggbain-12783]=28

XIV.7. Portrait of Emilio Aguinaldo, who led the Philippine resistance to the American occupation. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-44759]=34

XV.1. Print of the devil seated beside Kaiser Wilhelm II, who bears a bloody sword (c. 1918). The text reads, "Chums―When I really began to admire you, my friend, was when you pulled that Lusitania job : When you did that, I said to myself―'There's a man after my own heart!'" Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZC4-7819]=41

XV.2. U.S. Food Administration sign (c. 1917). The text reads, "Food will win the war―We observe Meatless days―Wheatless days―Porkless days―and carry out all conservation rules of the U.S. Food Administration." Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZC4-10655]=44

XV.3. George Creel on the Steps of the White House. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-63878]=46

XV.4. Portrait of John Hessin Clarke. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division=53

XV.5. Portrait of Oliver Wendell Holmes. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-61582]=54

XV.6. Political cartoon titled The Gathering Storm (1919). Senator Henry Cabot Lodge stands atop the U.S. Capitol, looking at gathering storm clouds labeled "Public Demand for Ratification." Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-39146]=57

XVI.1. Photo of Harding Cabinet Outside White House. Back row, L. to R. : Secretary of Agriculture Henry Cantwell Wallace, Secretary of Interior Albert Fall, Postmaster General William Harrison Hays, Sr. Front row, L. to R. : Secretary of War John Wingate Weeks, Secretary of Treasury Andrew Mellon, Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, President Warren G. Harding, Vice President Calvin Coolidge, Secretary of Navy Edwin Denby. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-DIG-npcc-03675]=62

XVI.2. Photo of Elizabeth Thompson, a member of the anti-prohibition group, The Crusaders, putting a "Repeal the 18th Amendment" tire cover on her car (December 16, 1930). Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-DIG-ds-0014]=66

XVI.3. Portrait of Harlan F. Stone (1929). Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-38306]=68

XVI.4. Supreme Court of the United States, Washington, D.C. North Wind Picture Archive via AP Images=70

XVI.5. Photo of Carrie Buck with her mother Emma. Both women were committed to the Virginia Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded, along with Carrie's infant child, on the ground that they were "mentally defective" and "moral delinquents." Arthur Estabrook Papers, Special Collections & Archives, University at Albany, SUNY=77

XVI.6. Portrait of Louis D. Brandeis. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-DIG-hec-16557]=85

XVI.7. Portrait of Charles Evans Hughes. Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States=90

XVI.8. Portrait of Pierce Butler. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-45773]=91

XVII.1. Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Herbert Hoover travel to U.S. Capitol for Roosevelt's inauguration (March 4, 1933). Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-DIG-ppmsca-19179]=97

XVII.2. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, surrounded by members of Congress, signs the Tennessee Valley Authority Act (May 18, 1933). AP Photo=100

XVII.3. Works Progress Administration poster (1937). The text reads, "Free neighborhood classes for adults―Enroll now : Classes in reading-writing-arithmetic-also art-music-psychology-language-social studies. The Adult Education Program of the Chicago Board of Education with the Cooperation of the WPA." Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZC2-5182]=103

XVII.4. Political cartoon bearing the caption, "Yes, business is much greater than before March 1933!" A flurry of documents reading, "New Deal Measures," cover the steps of the Supreme Court. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-127169]=106

XVII.5. Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee Henry F. Ashurst (left) greets Senator Edward R. Burke (right) to a special meeting of the Committee (July 22, 1937). Ashurst was a strong supporter of President Roosevelt's Court Reorganization Bill ; Burke led the opposition. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-DIG-hec-23069]=117

XVII.6. Political cartoon of President Roosevelt telling Uncle Sam, "Yes, you gave me authority to pick my kind of umpire last November!" (June 9, 1937). Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-26395]=121

XVIII.1. Engineers prepare for national radio broadcast by Hugo Black (October 1, 1937). Black would address the American people about charges that he was a member of the Ku Klux Klan. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-DIG-hec-28999]=126

XVIII.2. The Supreme Court of the United States c. 1939. Back row, L. to R. : Felix Frankfurter, Hugo Black, Stanley Reed, William O. Douglas. Front row : L. to R. : Harlan F. Stone, James C. McReynolds, Charles Evans Hughes, Pierce Butler, Owen J. Roberts. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-80625]=128

XVIII.3. Photograph of Roscoe Filburn, the Ohio farmer at the center of Wickard. v. Filburn. Collection of Mary Lou Spurgeon=131

XVIII.4. Portrait of Stanley F. Reed. Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States=139

XVIII.5. Portrait of Hugo Black. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-95031]=140

XVIII.6. Portrait of Harlan Stone. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-DIG-hec-20966]=143

XVIII.7. Handwritten letter from ten-year-old Billy Gobitas to school directors, Minersville, Pennsylvania (November 5, 1935). In this letter, Billy Gobitas writes, "I do not salute the flag not because I do not love my country but I love my country and I love God more and I must obey His commandments." Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, William Gobitas Papers=148

XVIII.8. NAACP membership drive poster showing man bearing a torch (c. 1949). The text reads, in part, "Join! Give! Nationwide Membership Drive. 1909. 1949." Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-84491]=154

XIX.1. Aerial photograph of attack on Pearl Harbor taken by a Japanese pilot (December 7, 1941). A Japanese airplane appears in the lower right corner of the image. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-129812]=162

XIX.2. WWII poster reading, "United we are strong, united we will win" (1943). Each cannon bears the flag of an allied nation. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZC4-12529]=164

XIX.3. Children stand outside an assembly center in Pinedale, California, awaiting transfer (1942). Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ6-1651]=165

XIX.4. The Korematsu family stands in a greenhouse at the Stonehurst Flower Nursery, which they owned, in East Oakland, California (1939). Fred Korematsu (center left) stands in front of his parents, Kakusaburo and Katsui, and across from his brothers, Junichi, Takashi, and Hiroshi. National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution/Art Resource, NY=167

XIX.5. Composite photograph of the Nazi saboteurs titled, "Six of these executed as two are spared" (August 8, 1942). Top, L. to R. : Herman Neubauer, Henry Harm Heinck, Werner Thiel, Edward John Kerlings. Bottom, L. to R. : Richard Quirin, Herbert Hans Haupt, George Dasch, Ernest Peter Burger. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-132626]=172

XIX.6. General Tomoyuki Yamashita on trial in Manila (October 29, 1945). National Archives and Records Administration=174

XIX.7. Photograph of Robert Jackson (June 10, 1946). Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-135297]=178

XIX.8. Portrait of Frank Murphy. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division=179

XX.1. Portrait of Harry S. Truman (c. 1945). U.S. Army Signal Corps, Courtesy of the Harry S. Truman Library=184

XX.2. The House Un-American Committee swears in a witness during hearings on the infiltration of the motion picture industry by communists (October 21, 1947). Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division=189

XX.3. Joseph McCarthy (r.) confers with Roy M. Cohn, Chief Counsel to McCarthy's Investigations Subcommittee (1954). Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-137306]=190

XX.4. Portrait of William Henry Hastie. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Visual Materials from the NAACP Records, [LC-DIG-ppmsca-05515]=193

XX.5. Supreme Court of the United States c. 1949. Back row (L. to R.) : Tom C. Clark, Robert H. Jackson, Harold H. Burton, Sherman Minton. Front row (L. to R.) : Felix Frankfurter, Hugo Black, Fred M. Vinson, Stanley F. Reed, William O. Douglas. Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States=197

XX.6. Six top-ranking members of the American Communist Party in federal court in New York City (1948). Back row (L. to R.) : John Williamson, Henry Winston, and Jacob Stachel. Front row (L. to R.) : Eugene Dennis, William Z. Foster, Benjamin Davis. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-111436]=199

XX.7. Thurgood Marshall, Chief Counsel for the NAACP, in front of the Supreme Court (1958). Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-126459]=207

XX.8. Retired professor George W. McLaurin is required to sit in a separate area, apart from white students, during his first class at the University of Oklahoma. The school was compelled to admit him following the Supreme Court's ruling in McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-126449]=211

XX.9. Portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-91493]=213

XX.10. Political cartoon satirizing Senator McCarthy's confrontation with the army (May 20, 1954). A man holds a newspaper whose headline reads, "Army v. McCarthy" while a television broadcaster draws down a shade that reads, "This program has been discontinued temporarily while the committee tries to find a way to discontinue it permanently." A 1954 Herblock Cartoon, © The Herb Block Foundation=214

XXI.1. Portrait of Earl Warren (December 4, 1953). Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-134436]=221

XXI.2. Mrs. Nettie Hunt sits on steps of Supreme Court with her daughter Nikie (November 19, 1954). Mrs. Hunt holds a newspaper bearing the headline, "High Court Bans Segregation in Public Schools." Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-127042]=224

XXI.3. African American student Elizabeth Eckford is threatened with lynching by an angry crowd as she attempts to enter Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas (1957). The Governor of Arkansas had instructed the National Guard to block African American students from school premises. A Guardsman can be seen in the upper left of the photo. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-126826]=225

XXI.4. Robert W. Toth is welcomed back to the United States after his victory in United States ex rel. Toth v. Quarles. AP Photo/Charles Gorry=234

XXI.5. Tom Clark (l.) with William Brennan. Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States=238

XXI.6. Clarence Brandenburg (l.), an officer in the Ku Klux Klan, and Richard Hanna, a member of the American Nazi Party, pose for a photograph (August 8, 1964). AP Photo=240

XXII.1. President Lyndon B. Johnson laughs with Abe Fortas (July 29, 1965). Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library=244

XXII.2. Thurgood Marshall is joined by his wife Cecilia and his sons Thurgood, Jr. and John on his first day as a justice of the Supreme Court (October 2, 1967). AP Photo/Henry Griffin=245

XXII.3. Portrait of Arthur Goldberg. Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States=247

XXII.4. Portrait of Byron White. Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States=247

XXII.5. Following the example of students from North Carolina Central Agriculture and Technical State University, students in Oklahoma City engage in a sit-in at a segregated lunch counter (1958). Denied service, they quietly study instead. Sit-ins became a powerful method of peaceful protest during the civil rights movement. Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, NAACP Records, [Digital ID # na0117p1]=249

XXII.6. Mildred and Richard Loving (June 12, 1967). Copyright Bettmann/Corbis/AP Images=251

XXII.7. President Johnson shakes hands with the Reverend Martin Luther King upon signing the Civil Rights Act into law (July 2, 1964). Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-135798]=254

XXIII.1. Portrait of Justice William J. Brennan in his chambers. AP Photo=264

XXIII.2. Portrait of Justice Felix Frankfurter at his desk (June 19, 1957). Arnold Newman/Getty Images=264

XXIII.3. Two photographs relating to Supreme Court church and state cases (June 17, 1963). Upper image : Madalyn E. Murray with her sons William and Garth. Lower image : Mr. and Mrs. Edward L. Schempp with their children. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-122623]=268

XXIII.4. Photograph of Tom C. Clark. Published with the permission of the Tarlton Law Library, Jamail Center for Legal Research, University of Texas School of Law=269

XXIII.5. Photograph of Potter Stewart. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division=270

XXIII.6. Advertisement titled, Heed Their Rising Voices, by the Committee to Defend Martin Luther King and the Struggle for Freedom in the South (March 29, 1960). It reads, in part : "Decent-minded Americans cannot help but applaud the creative daring of the students and the quiet heroism of Dr. King. But this is one of those moments in the stormy history of Freedom when men and women of good will must do more than applaud the rising-to-glory of others. The America whose good name hangs in the balance before a watchful world, the America whose heritage of Liberty these Southern Upholders of the Constitution are defending, is our America as well as theirs....We must heed their rising voices―yes―but we must add our own. We must extend ourselves above and beyond moral support and render the material help so urgently needed by those who are taking the risks, facing jail, and even death in a glorious re-affirmation of our Constitution and its Bill of Rights." Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division=274

XXIII.7. Estelle Griswold, the Executive Director of the Planned Parenthood League in New Haven, Connecticut, stands on the steps of the office, which is closed pending the decision of the Supreme Court in Griswold v. Connecticut (April 1, 1963). Lee Lockwood/Getty Images=279

XXIV.1. Police photograph of Dollree Mapp (May 27, 1957). AP Photo=286

XXIV.2. A Louisiana prison attendant checks the portable electric chair in which the state will attempt to execute Willie Francis for the second time (May 9, 1947). AP Photo/Bill Allen=288

XXIV.3. Handwritten petition by Clarence Gideon to the Chief Justice of the United States (1963). The petition begins, "Comes now the petitioner, Clarence Earl Gideon, a citizen of the United States of America, in proper person, and appearing as his own counsel, who petitions this Honorable Court for a Writ of Certiorari directed to the Supreme Court of the State of Florida." MPI/Getty Images=290

XXIV.4. Danny Escobedo sits in a Chicago police station, arrested for burglarizing a hot dog stand (November 3, 1966). Escobedo had been released from prison in 1964 after a prior murder conviction was overturned by the Supreme Court in Escobedo v. Illinois. Copyright Bettmann/Corbis/AP Images=293

XXIV.5. Ernesto Miranda (r.) confers with his attorney, John H. Flynn (February 15, 1967). Copyright Bettmann/Corbis/AP Images=295

XXIV.6. Portrait of Earl Warren (1963). National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution/Art Resource, NY=303

XXV.1. President Richard Nixon stands on the steps of the Supreme Court with newly sworn Chief Justice Warren E. Burger (r.) and retired Chief Justice Earl Warren (l.) (June 23, 1969). Arnold Sachs/Getty Images=306

XXV.2. Poster illustrated by Pablo Picasso for an anti-war protest in Washington, D.C. The poster reads, "march against death : march on Washington, Nov. 13-15, 1969." Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZC4-2839]=309

XXV.3. David O'Brien and his wife Paula hold hands at a press conference at the headquarters of the New England Draft Resistance Group (May 27, 1968). David O'Brien had burned his draft card in violation of federal law. © Bettmann/Corbis=311

XXV.4. Archibald Cox (center) is sworn in as Special Prosecutor for the Watergate investigation (May 25, 1973). Copyright Bettmann/Corbis/AP Images=316

XXV.5. A Sony tape recorder used to tape conversations in the White House is tagged as evidence in the Watergate investigation. National Archives and Records Administration=318

XXVI.1. Portrait of Warren Burger (1971). Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-60136]=322

XXVI.2. Pennsylvania Amish men walk toward the Supreme Court as the Court hears Wisconsin v. Yoder (December 8, 1971). AP Photo/John Duricka=330

XXVI.3. Rival rallies on school vouchers take place outside the Supreme Court as the Court hears Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (February 20, 2002). AP Photo/Rick Browner=338

XXVII.1. Black and white children ride to school together in Charlotte, North Carolina (February 21, 1973). Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-DIG-ds-00762]=343

XXVII.2. Demonstrators from a group called the Anti-Bakke Decision Coalition march before the federal court house in Foley Square in New York City (June 30, 1978). AP Photo/Dan Goodrich=350

XXVII.3. Air Force Lieutenant Sharron Frontiero with her husband Joseph (January 9, 1971). © Bettmann/Corbis=355

XXVII.4. Representative Martha Griffiths (D-MI) stands before the U.S. Capitol (August 12, 1970). Griffiths filed a discharge petition in 1970 demanding that the ERA be heard by the full House. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-U9-23069-20]=358

XXVIII.1. Portrait of Harry Blackmun (January 26, 1976). Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-60137]=363

XXVIII.2. A firefighter walks past a wall bearing the words "Abortion Kills" as a fire guts the Planned Parenthood clinic in St. Paul, Minnesota (February 23, 1977). AP Photo/Jim Mone=364

XXVIII.3. Portrait of Sandra Day O'Connor. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZ62-86846]=367

XXVIII.4. Portrait of Anthony Kennedy. Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States=381

XXVIII.5. Portrait of Antonin Scalia. Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States=382

XXIX.1. Retired Chief Justice Warren E. Burger administers the oath of office to new Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist at a ceremony in the East Room of the White House (September 26, 1986). Mrs. Natalie Rehnquist holds the Bible as President Ronald Reagan watches from the right. Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States=386

XXIX.2. Pursuant to the Sixth Amendment, a county clerk swears in a trial jury (1945). National Archives and Records Administration=399

XXX.1. Engraving of the execution of the regicides (1660). The condemned are subjected to gruesome punishments. In the foreground, a man hangs from the gallows while another is drawn and quartered beside a fire. A crowd watches the spectacle unfold. © Trustees of the British Museum=408

XXX.2. Instructions titled "Drugs and Sequence for Execution by Lethal Injection" are posted on the wall of the equipment room next to the death chamber at Southern Ohio Corrections Facility (November 2005). AP Photo=421

XXXI.1. Inauguration of Ronald Reagan in front of the U.S. Capitol (January 20, 1981). Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, [LC-USZC4-7733]=425

XXXI.2. Drawing of members of the Supreme Court in chamber (October 6, 1986). L. to R. : Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis Powell, Thurgood Marshall, William Brennan, William Rehnquist, Byron White, Harry Blackmun, John Paul Stevens, and Antonin Scalia. Marilyn Church, Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, [LC-DIG-ppmsca-31217]=427

XXXI.3. Clarence Thomas appears before the Senate Judiciary Committee (October 11, 1991). Copyright Bettmann/Corbis/AP Images=431

XXXI.4. Television image shows the point at which the House vote reached 218, the simple majority needed to approve the first article of impeachment against President Clinton (December 19, 1998). AP Photo/APTN=434

XXXII.1. Portrait of John Marshall by William James Hubard (c. 1832). National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution/Art Resource, NY=440

XXXII.2. Dick Heller speaks outside the Supreme Court, after the Supreme Court ruled in his favor in District of Columbia v. Heller (June 26, 2008). AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana=449

XXXII.3. Aerial view of the World Trade Center site after the attack of September 11, 2001 (September 17, 2001). Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [HABS NY-6369-2]=452

XXXIII.1. Portrait of John Roberts. Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States=460

XXXIII.2. Portrait of Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States=462

XXXIII.3. Portrait of Sonia Sotomayor. Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States=465

XXXIII.4. Edith Windsor responds to supporters in front of the Supreme Court after oral argument in United States v. Windsor (March 27, 2013). AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster=475