영문목차

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1. HUMAN REPRODUCTION : NATURAL AND ASSISTED METHODS OF CONCEPTION=1

SECTION I. THE WONDERS OF HUMAN REPRODUCTION=1

A. Natural Conception=2

Lawrence J. Kaplan & Carolyn M. Kaplan, Natural Reproduction and Reproduction-Aiding Technologies=2

Notes and Questions=6

B. Infertility : When Natural Conception Does Not Occur=9

1. Defining the Causes of Infertility=11

The New York State Task Force on Life and the Law, Assisted Reproductive Technologies : Analysis and Recommendations for Public Policy=11

2. Defining the Incidence of Infertility=12

Notes and Questions=13

SECTION II. JUDICIAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE MODERN ROLE OF REPRODUCTION=18

A. An Introductory Case=18

Bragdon v. Abbott=18

Notes and Questions=23

SECTION III. ASSISTED CONCEPTION=26

A. A Brief History of ART=26

1. The Earliest Years=26

2. Human Artificial Insemination=27

Gursky v. Gursky=29

Notes and Questions=33

B. Conception in the Laboratory―In Vitro Fertilization=35

1. Investigating the Possibility of Conception Outside the Body=35

2. Advances in IVF and the Future of ART=36

3. A Glossary of ART Terms=38

C. Successes and Failures in ART Medicine=40

1. Is ART Effective?=40

Notes and Questions=43

2. Is ART Safe for Children and Adults?=45

a. Safety to Children=45

Manon Ceelen, Mirjam M. Van Weissenbruch, Jan P.W. Vermeiden, Flora E. Van Leeuwen, and Henriette A. Delemarre-van de Wall, Growth and Development of Children Born After In Vitro Fertilization=45

George Kovalevsky, Paolo Rinaudo, and Christos Coutifaris, Do Assisted Reproductive Technologies Cause Adverse Fetal Outcomes?=48

Notes and Questions=49

b. Safety to Adults=53

Edward G. Hughes and Mita Giacomini, Funding In Vitro Fertilization Treatment for Persistent Subfertility : The Pain and the Politics=53

Notes and Questions=54

SECTION IV. WHAT IS THE NATURE AND STATUS OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO?=56

A. The Biological Status of the Human Embryo=56

Howard W. Jones, Jr. and Lucinda Veeck, What Is An Embryo?=56

Notes and Questions=59

B. The Legal Status of the Human Embryo=60

1. An Introductory Case=60

Davis v. Davis=60

Notes and Questions=69

2. Legal Responses to the Status of the Human Embryo=70

Timothy Stoltzfus Jost, Rights of Embryo and Foetus in Private Law=70

Notes and Questions=73

C. The Moral Status of the Human Embryo=74

Notes and Questions=76

Chapter 2. PROCREATIONAL LIBERTY : CONSTITUTIONAL JURISPRUDENCE AND THE RIGHT TO REPRODUCE=81

SECTION I. TRADITIONAL REPRODUCTION AND THE CONSTITUTION=81

A. Establishing Reproduction as a Fundamental Right=81

1. The Early Cases=81

Meyer v. Nebraska=81

Notes and Questions=85

Skinner v. Oklahoma=87

Notes and Questions=90

2. State Support for Mandatory Sterilization=92

Buck v. Bell=92

Notes and Questions=93

Paul A. Lombardo, Facing Carrie Buck=95

B. The Right to Avoid Procreation=100

1. Emerging Advances in Human Contraception=100

Griswold v. Connecticut=100

Notes and Questions=103

Eisenstadt v. Baird=106

Notes and Questions=108

2. Abortion=111

a. The Seminal Case=112

Roe v. Wade=112

Notes and Questions=119

b. The Roe Progeny=120

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services=120

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey=123

Notes and Questions=128

c. The Latest Word on Abortion, For Now=130

SECTION II. ASSISTED REPRODUCTION AS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT=130

A. Arguments for Recognizing ART as a Fundamental Right=130

John A. Robertson, Children of Choice : Freedom and the New Reproductive Technologies=131

B. Arguments Against Recognizing ART as a Fundamental Right=138

Radhika Rao, Constitutional Misconceptions=138

Ann MacLean Massie, Regulating Choice : A Constitutional Law Response to Professor John A. Robertson's Children of Choice=143

Notes and Questions=148

C. Judicial Perspectives on ART as a Fundamental Right=150

1. Equating ART and Natural Conception=151

Lifchez v. Hartigan=151

Kass v. Kass=154

Notes and Questions=157

2. Distinguishing ART from Natural Conception=158

Davis v. Davis=158

Notes and Questions=163

Gerber v. Hickman=165

Notes and Questions=171

Chapter 3. THE BUSINESS OF ART : SELLING, DONATING AND INSURING ASSISTED REPRODUCTION=173

SECTION I. UNDERSTANDING THE MARKET FOR REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES=173

A. Fertility Clinics as Providers of ART Services=173

1. A Patient's Perspective=173

Notes and Questions=174

2. The Physician's Perspective=179

Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Shared-Risk or Refund Programs in Assisted Reproduction=179

B. Profiles of ART Clients=182

Dorothy E. Roberts, Race and the New Reproduction=182

SECTION II. SPERM AND EGG "DONORS"=188

A. Sperm Donations : Assessing Risks and Benefits=188

1. Donor Disclosure : A Child's Perspective=191

Notes and Problems=194

2. The Pitfalls of Sperm Donation=196

Johnson v. Superior Court=196

Notes and Questions=204

B. Egg Donations : Assessing Risks and Benefits=205

1. The Business of Egg Donation=207

Martha Frase-Blunt, Ova-Compensating? ; Women Who Donate Eggs To Infertile Couples Earn a Reward―But Pay a Price=207

Judith Daar, Physical Beauty Is Only Egg Deep=211

Notes and Questions=213

2. The Ethics of Egg Donation=215

Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Financial Compensation of Oocyte Donors=215

Notes and Questions=219

3. Informed Consent and Egg Donation=223

a. Informing Egg Donors of Risks and Benefits=223

Gregory Stock, Eggs for Sale : How Much Is Too Much?=223

Judith Daar, Regulating the Fiction of Informed Consent in ART Medicine=225

Notes and Questions=227

b. Informing Donors About Gamete Placement=228

Litowitz v. Litowitz=229

Notes and Questions=232

SECTION III. THE BENEFITS AND BURDENS OF AN ART MARKET=233

A. Should We Ban a Market for the Sale of Gametes?=233

1. Arguments for Market Inalienability=233

Mary Lyndon Shanley, Collaboration and Commodification in Assisted Procreation : Reflections on an Open Market and Anonymous Donation in Human Sperm and Eggs=234

Notes and Questions=238

2. Arguments In Support of a Gamete Market=239

Richard A. Posner, The Ethics and Economics of Enforcing Contracts of Surrogate Motherhood=239

B. Should the ART Market Be Open to All Willing Buyers and Sellers?=243

1. Exclusions Based On Age=243

Judith Daar, Death of Aging Mother Raises More Questions About IVF Rules=243

Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Oocyte Donation to Postmenopausal Women=245

Notes and Questions=247

2. Exclusions Based on Health Status=247

Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Infertility Treatment=248

Notes and Problems=252

3. Exclusions Based on Marital Status and Sexual Orientation=256

North Coast Women's Care Medical Group, Inc. v. San Diego County Superior Court=256

Notes and Questions=261

SECTION IV. INSURING ART SERVICES=262

A. The Market Landscape=262

1. The Status of Infertility Insurance Coverage=262

a. Statutory Law=262

b. Case Law=266

Lisa M. Kerr, Can Money Buy Happiness? An Examination of the Coverage of Infertility Services Under HMO Contracts=267

Notes and Questions=270

Saks v. Franklin Covey=271

Notes and Questions=279

2. The Politics of ART Insurance Coverage=280

Edward G. Hughes & Mita Giacomini, Funding In Vitro Fertilization Treatment for Persistent Subfertility : The Pain and the Politics=280

Questions=281

B. ART Insurance Coverage and the Effect on Clinical Outcomes=282

Problem=283

Chapter 4. CHOOSING OUR CHILDREN'S TRAITS : GENDER AND GENETIC SELECTION IN ART=285

SECTION I. THE CURRENT STATE OF TECHNOLOGY=288

A. Choosing a Child's Gender=289

1. Preconception Gender Selection=292

Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Preconception Gender Selection for Nonmedical Reasons=292

Notes and Questions=296

2. Postconception Gender Selection=299

The Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Sex Selection and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis=299

Notes and Questions=305

John A. Robertson, Extending Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis : Medical and Non-medical Uses=308

The President's Council on Bioethics, Beyond Therapy : Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness=310

Notes and Questions=311

B. Choosing a Child's Genetic Make-Up=313

1. Using Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis to Cure Illness=314

Notes and Questions=315

Susan M. Wolf, Jeffrey P. Kahn, John E. Wagner, Using Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis to Create a Stem Cell Donor : Issues, Guidelines & Limits=316

R (on The Application of Quintavalle) v. Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority=323

Notes and Questions=331

Problem=333

2. Using Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis to Avoid Illness=334

a. PGD and the Meaning of Disability=334

Notes and Questions=336

b. PGD and Adult-Onset Diseases=339

Notes and Questions=341

3. Using Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis to Achieve Pregnancy=341

SECTION II. THE CURRENT STATE OF THE LAW=343

Genetics & Public Policy Center, Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis : A Discussion of Challenges, Concerns, and Preliminary Options Related to the Genetic Testing of Human Embryos=343

Notes and Questions=347

SECTION III. ETHICAL AND LEGAL DEBATE SURROUNDING GENDER SELECTION=352

A. Constitutional Analysis=353

Carl H. Coleman, Is There a Constitutional Right to Preconception Sex Selection?=353

Notes and Questions=355

B. Ethical Analysis=356

Rebecca Dresser, Cosmetic Reproductive Services and Professional Integrity=356

Notes and Questions=357

SECTION IV. ETHICAL AND LEGAL DEBATE SURROUNDING GENETIC SELECTION=358

A. Ethical Dilemmas Surrounding Genetic Selection=358

Maxwell J. Mehlman, The Law of Above Averages : Leveling the New Genetic Enhancement Playing Field=359

Notes and Questions=362

B. Legal Dilemmas Surrounding Genetic Selection=366

Paretta v. Medical Offices for Human Reproduction=366

Notes and Questions=369

Problem=370

Chapter 5. FAMILY LAW ISSUES IN ART : QUESTIONS OF PARENTAGE AND PARENTAL RIGHTS=371

SECTION I. EARLY DILEMMAS IN FAMILY LAW=371

A. Determining Paternity in AID Families=371

Strnad v. Strnad=371

Notes and Questions=372

People v. Sorensen=373

Notes and Questions=376

B. Early Changes in the Law=377

Jhordan C. v. Mary K.=379

Notes and Questions=383

C. The Problem of Known Donors=384

Ferguson v. McKiernan=384

Notes and Questions=392

SECTION II. BUILDING FAMILIES THROUGH SURROGATE PARENTING AGREEMENTS=394

A. An Introductory Case=394

In the Matter of Baby M=394

Notes and Questions=404

B. Distinguishing "Traditional" and "Gestational" Surrogacy=408

1. Traditional Surrogacy=409

R.R. v. M.H.=409

Notes and Questions=413

2. Gestational Surrogacy=415

Johnson v. Calvert=415

Notes and Questions=422

A.H.W. v. G.H.B.=427

Notes and Questions=429

3. Profiles in Surrogate Parenting Arrangements=431

a. Profile of a Traditional Surrogate Mother=432

b. Profile of a Gestational Surrogate Mother=433

c. Profile of an Intended Mother=435

Notes and Questions=435

C. Statutory Responses to Surrogate Parenting Arrangements=439

1. Laws Regulating Surrogacy=439

a. Individual State Laws=439

Notes and Questions=446

b. Uniform Laws on Surrogacy=447

Notes and Questions=451

2. Constitutionality of Surrogacy Laws=453

J.R., M.R. and W.K.J. v. Utah=453

Notes and Questions=461

SECTION III. BUILDING FAMILIES THROUGH THE USE OF DONOR GAMETES=462

A. The State of the Art in Donor Gametes=462

B. The State of the Law in Donor Gametes=464

1. Judicial Perspectives=464

In re Marriage of Buzzanca=464

Notes and Questions=470

2. Statutory Perspectives on Donor Gametes=472

Questions=474

SECTION IV. BUILDING FAMILIES IN SAME-SEX RELATIONSHIPS=474

A. The Prevalence of Same-Sex Parents=474

B. Family Law Dilemmas For Same-Sex Parents=478

1. Determining Paternity=478

C.O. v. W.S.=478

Lamaritata v. Lucas=479

Notes and Questions=481

Adoption of Tammy=483

Notes and Questions=487

K.M. v. E.G.=489

Notes and Questions=496

SECTION V. MISHAPS IN THE LABORATORY : THE CHILDREN OF ART GAMETE MIX-UPS=498

A. Defining the Problem=498

B. Judicial Perspectives on Gamete Mix-Ups=500

1. The Case of Physician Malfeasance=500

Prato-Morrison v. Doe=500

Notes and Questions=504

2. Cases of Physician Negligence=506

Robert B. v. Susan B.=506

Notes and Questions=509

Perry-Rogers v. Fasano=510

Leslie Bender, Genes, Parents, and Assisted Reproductive Technologies : ARTs, Mistakes, Sex, Race, & Law=514

Notes and Questions=515

C. Legislative Perspectives on Gamete Mix-Ups=517

Chapter 6. LIFE AFTER DEATH : POSTMORTEM REPRODUCTION=521

SECTION I. THE POSSIBILITIES FOR POSTMORTEM REPRODUCTION=522

A. Freezing Sperm=522

1. Sperm Retrieval During Life=522

a. Sperm Freezing―Past and Present=522

b. Emerging Legal Disputes Over Frozen Sperm=524

Hall v. Fertility Institute of New Orleans=525

Notes and Questions=528

Michael H. Shapiro, Illicit Reasons and Means for Reproduction : On Excessive Choice and Categorical and Technological Imperatives=530

2. Sperm Retrieval After Death=533

Carson Strong, Ethical and Legal Aspects of Sperm Retrieval After Death or Persistent Vegetative State=535

Notes and Questions=538

B. Freezing Eggs : Retrieval During Life and After Death=540

Problem=542

C. Freezing Embryos=542

SECTION II. LEGAL DILEMMAS IN POSTMORTEM REPRODUCTION=545

A. Family Law Questions : Who Is A Parent?=545

In re Estate of Kolacy=546

Notes and Questions=549

B. Probate Law : Awarding Inheritance Rights and Death Benefits=551

Woodward v. Commissioner of Social Security=551

Notes and Questions=556

SECTION III. STATUTORY FRAMEWORKS FOR EVALUATING THE RIGHTS OF POSTMORTEM CONCEPTION CHILDREN=560

A. Uniform Laws Governing Postmortem Reproduction=561

1. The Uniform Parentage Act=561

Notes and Questions=562

2. The Uniform Probate Code=563

Notes and Questions=564

B. Emerging Laws Governing the Rights of Posthumous Children=566

Notes and Questions=567

C. Model Laws and Task Force Reports=569

1. The ABA Model Act=569

Questions=570

2. The New York State Task Force on Life and the Law=570

Questions=571

Chapter 7. ART AND DIVORCE : DISPUTES OVER FROZEN EMBRYOS=573

SECTION I. THE POPULARITY AND FRAILTY OF EMBRYO CRYOPRESERVATION=574

Frisina v. Woman and Infant Hospital of Rhode Island=575

Miller v. American Infertility Group of Illinois, S.C.=580

Notes and Questions=583

SECTION II. THE LEGAL LANDSCAPE SURROUNDING FROZEN EMBRYO DISPUTES=585

A. An Introductory Case=585

Davis v. Davis=585

Notes and Questions=589

B. The Contract Approach=591

Kass v. Kass=591

Notes and Questions=597

Litowitz v. Litowitz=604

Notes and Questions=611

C. The Public Policy Approach=612

A.Z. v. B.Z.=612

Judith F. Daar, Frozen Embryo Disputes Revisited : A Trilogy of Procreation-Avoidance Approaches=618

Notes and Questions=621

J.B. v. M.B.=625

Notes and Questions=632

D. The Question of Parental Rights=634

In re O.G.M.=634

Notes and Questions=637

SECTION III. THE PROBLEM OF EXCESS AND ABANDONED EMBRYOS=638

A. Excess Embryos and Patient Choice=639

1. Donate the Embryos for Research=639

a. Type of Research=639

b. State Law Prohibitions on Embryo Research=640

2. Discard the Embryos After a Designated Time Frame=641

3. Maintain the Embryos in Frozen Storage=642

4. Donate the Embryos to Another Couple=642

B. Excess Embryos and Lack of Patient Choice : The Problem of Abandonment=645

Notes and Questions=647

York v. Jones=648

Notes and Questions=652

Problem=652

Chapter 8. REGULATING REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES=655

SECTION I. THE LEGAL LANDSCAPE FOR ART : AN INTRODUCTION=656

A. The Goals of Regulation=656

Judith F. Daar, Regulating Reproductive Technologies : Panacea or Paper Tiger?=656

Notes and Questions=657

B. The Current State of Regulation=659

1. Direct Regulation by the Federal Government=659

2. Indirect Regulation by the Federal Government=661

3. Direct Regulation by State Governments=662

4. Indirect Regulation by State Governments=663

5. Self-Regulation by the Fertility Industry=665

Notes and Questions=666

SECTION II. IS (INCREASED) ART REGULATION NECESSARY?=668

A. Protecting ART Patients=669

1. Luring Patients : False Advertising and Deceptive Statements=669

Karlin v. IVF America, Inc.=669

Notes and Questions=672

2. Lack of Informed Consent=673

Elements to Be Considered in Obtaining Informed Consent for ART=673

3. Treatment Errors : Negligence, Theft, and Fraud=675

4. Protecting Patient Health=677

B. Protecting ART Offspring=680

Doolan v. IVF America (MA), Inc.=680

Notes and Questions=683

C. Protecting ART Physicians=686

1. Enhancing Public Confidence=686

2. Authorizing Treatment Denials=687

The Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Child-Rearing Ability and the Provision of Fertility Services=687

Notes and Questions=690

SECTION III. PROPOSED REGULATORY SCHEMES=691

President's Council on Bioethics, Reproduction & Responsibility : The Regulation of New Biotechnologies=693

Notes and Questions=698

Chapter 9. HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELL RESEARCH=703

SECTION I. THE SCIENCE OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL RESEARCH=704

A. Introduction to the Terms=704

Jennifer L. Enmon, Stem Cell Research : Is the Law Preventing Progress?=704

Notes and Questions=706

B. Human and Animal Stem Cell Studies=712

Problem=716

C. Framing the Debate Over Stem Cell Research=717

The President's Council on Bioethics, Monitoring Stem Cell Research=717

SECTION II. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK SURROUNDING STEM CELL RESEARCH=718

A. Laws Relating to Aborted Fetuses as Sources of Stem Cells=719

1. Federal Law Relating to Aborted Fetuses as Sources of Stem Cells=719

National Bioethics Advisory Commission, Ethical Issues in Human Stem Cell Research=719

Notes and Questions=722

2. State Laws Relating to Aborted Fetuses as Sources of Stem Cells=724

National Bioethics Advisory Commission, Ethical Issues in Human Stem Cell Research=724

Margaret S. v. Edwards=726

Notes and Questions=729

B. Laws Relating to Embryos as Sources of Stem Cells=731

1. Federal Law Relating to Embryos as Sources of Stem Cells=731

Kara L. Belew, Stem Cell Division : Abortion Law and Its Influence on the Adoption of Radically Different Embryonic Stem Cell Legislation in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany=731

Notes and Questions=734

Doe v. Shalala=735

Question=741

2. State Laws Relating to Embryos as Sources of Stem Cells=741

National Bioethics Advisory Commission, Ethical Issues in Human Stem Cell Research=741

Notes and Questions=743

SECTION III. GOVERNMENT FUNDING OF STEM CELL RESEARCH=745

A. Federal Funding of Stem Cell Research=746

1. The First Presidential Proclamation : August 9, 2001=746

Remarks by the President on Stem Cell Research=746

Notes and Questions=749

2. Defending and Questioning the Bush Administration Policy=751

O. Carter Snead, The Pedagogical Significance of the Bush Stem Cell Policy : A Window into Bioethical Regulation in the United States=751

James F. Childress, An Ethical Defense of Federal Funding for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research=756

Notes and Questions=758

Problem=759

3. President Obama and a New Era of Stem Cell Research Policy=760

The White House, Removing Barriers to Responsible Scientific Research Involving Human Stem Cells=760

Notes and Questions=761

Sherley v. Sebelius=764

B. State Funding of Stem Cell Research=768

1. California=768

2. New Jersey=770

3. Other State Activities=772

Problem=773

SECTION IV. INTERNATIONAL AND CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES ON STEM CELL RESEARCH=774

A. International Perspectives=774

Notes and Questions=785

B. Religious Perspectives on Embryonic Stem Cell Research=786

National Bioethics Advisory Commission Summary of Presentations on Religious Perspectives Relating to Research Involving Human Stem Cells, May 7, 1999=787

Notes and Questions=794

Chapter 10. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE CLONING=797

SECTION I. THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE CLONING=797

A. Three Types of Cloning=798

1. Reproductive Cloning=798

2. Therapeutic Cloning=799

3. Embryo Cloning=800

B. Advances in Animal Cloning=801

1. Safety and Efficacy Concerns=802

2. Purposes of Animal Cloning=804

C. Inroads Into Human Cloning=805

Judith F. Daar, The Prospect of Human Cloning : Improving Nature or Dooming the Species?=807

Lori B. Andrews, Is There a Right to Clone? Constitutional Challenges to Bans on Human Cloning=811

Notes and Questions=814

Problem=815

SECTION II. THE POLITICS OF HUMAN CLONING=816

A. Initial Reaction from the Federal Government=816

National Bioethics Advisory Commission, Cloning Human Beings=816

Notes and Questions=819

B. Later Reactions from the Federal Government=822

The President's Council on Bioethics, Human Cloning and Human Dignity=823

Notes and Questions=825

C. Reactions from the States=826

Notes and Questions=829

SECTION III. CONSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN CLONING=831

A. Cloning and Procreational Autonomy=831

Elizabeth Price Foley, Human Cloning and the Right to Reproduce=833

George J. Annas, Lori B. Andrews and Rosario M. Isasi, Protecting the Endangered Human : Toward an International Treaty Prohibiting Cloning and Inheritable Alterations=838

Notes and Questions=841

B. Cloning and the Right to Scientific Inquiry=842

John Charles Kunich, The Naked Clone=842

Notes and Questions=846

GLOSSARY=849

TABLE OF CASES=TC-1

INDEX=I-1