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List of Illustrations=vii

Acknowledgements=x

List of Abbreviations=xiii

Introduction=1

Lanciani's Roman Palimpsest=1

The Faces of the 'Third Rome' : 1922, 1932, 1942=8

Rome's Palimpsest and the 'Fascist Layer'=13

1. The Fascist Conquest of Rome=19

(Re)Claiming Rome=19

'Fascistising' the Plan : From the PRG1909 to the 1925 Variante Plan=25

Architects and Early Visions for the 'Third Rome' : The Path to the 1931 Regulatory Plan=32

2. Fascism and the City : Architecture and Urban Eutopia=42

Debating the Future City=42

The City as Fascist Dystopia and Eutopia=46

The Debates on Urbanistica=51

The Fascist-Era Debates on Architecture=57

The Fascist 'Layer' in Rome=69

3. Fascism and Romanità : Framing the Ancient Imperial City=73

Joining the Dots : Via del Mare, Via dell'Impero, Via dei Trionfi=79

The Mausoleum of Augustus and the Ara Pacis=95

4. Fascism and the 'City of the Popes'=106

The 'Roman Question' and the Difficult Road to 'Reconciliation'=106

The Fascist Appropriation of the 'Second Rome'=112

The Project of the Via della Conciliazione=119

5. The Fascist Layer (I) : The Quest for 'Signature' Buildings=131

The (Failed) Quest for the Fascist 'Signature' Building in the Centre of Rome=134

Individual Buildings=144

6. The New Fascist Layer (II) : Building for Grandeur and Necessity=159

The Discourse of Bonifica and the New Fascist 'Layer'=159

Cities for the Youth : The Foro Mussolini and the Città Universitaria=163

Città Universitaria=170

The New Borgate of Fascism=174

Bonifica Integrate, the Agro Pontino, and the 'New City' (Nuova Città)=186

7. Fascism in Mostra : Exhibitions as Heterotopias=198

Exhibiting Fascism in Rome : The 1932 Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution (MdRF)=201

The 1937 Mostra Augustea della Romanità=211

The PNF Exhibitions at the Circo Massimo (1937-39)=217

The Universalist Subject : The E42=222

8. Rome and the Dream of Fascist Universalism=226

Branding the 'Idea of Rome' as a Universalist Asset : CAUR=226

Fascist Rome as Space of Political Pilgrimage=235

Staging the Moment of Fascist Triumph : The 1942 Esposizione Universale di Roma (E42)=244

Conclusion : The 'Third Rome' as Fascism's imago mundi=259

Notes=271

Bibliography=276

Index=306

List of Illustrations

1.1. Palimpsest : San Nicola in Carcere, with remains of ancient temple (Via del Teatro di Marcello, ex-Via del Mare)=2

1.2. Temple of Hadrian (Piazza Petra) incorporated into an eighteenth-century building=3

2. Diagram : Rome's palimpsest―the three major layers of the city=27

3. Diagram : Armando Brasini's project for Rome=35

4. Diagram : regulatory plans and urban expansion=38

5. Casa del Fascio, Como (Giuseppe Terragni)=58

6. The Novocomum building in Como (Giuseppe Terragni)=66

7. The excavated temples of Largo Argentina=81

8. The 'liberated' Theatre of Marcellus on ex-Via del Mare=82

9.1. Demolitions for the opening of Via del Mare=83

9.2. Demolitions for the opening of the Via dell'Impero=89

10. The four maps of the Roman Empire on Via dell'Impero, designed by Antonio Muñoz=92

11. Diagram : the three Fascist avenues in the historic centre=93

12. The 'systematised' Via delle Botteghe Oscure=96

13. Diagram : Piazza Augusto Imperatore=97

14. The pavilion for the reconstructed Ara Pacis on the new Piazza Augusto Imperatore=103

15. The 1940 inscription on one of the newly constructed buildings framing Piazza Augusto Imperatore=104

16. Palazzo INA and Corso del Rinascimento (Arnaldo Foschini)=116

17. Church of Santissima Annunziata in Sabaudia=118

18. Diagram : the Borghi and the Via della Conciliazione=120

19. Fascist insignia on one of the new buildings along Via della Conciliazione=129

20. Diagram : the Palazzo del Littorio=138

21. Diagram : Fascist-era individual buildings in central Rome=145

22.1. Casa Madre dei Mutilati (Marcello Piacentini)=147

22.2. Ministry of Corporations on Via Veneto (Marcello Piacentini and Giuseppe Vaccaro)=150

22.3. Aventino post office, Via Marmorata (Adalberto Libera and Mario De Renzi)=150

22.4. Nomentano post office, Piazza Bologna (Mario Ridolfi)=151

22.5. Design for the new railway station (Angiolo Mazzoni)=155

23. E42's 'Monumental Arch' (Adalberto Libera)=157

24. Diagram : Foro Mussolini=164

25. The Foro Mussolini, the Academy of Fascist Education, Mussolini's obelisk, and the Stadio dei Marmi (Enrico Del Debbio)=168

26. Diagram : Città Universitaria=171

27. Diagram : suburban quarters and new borgate=175

28.1. Tiburtino III : popular housing=183

28.2. Tiburtino III : model of the regulatory plan (Giuseppe Nicolosi)=184

28.3. Tiburtino III : aerial view=184

29. Diagram : the 'New Cities' of Agro Pontino=190

30.1. Aerial view of Littoria=192

30.2. Aerial view of Sabaudia=193

30.3. The civic centre of Sabaudia, with the Torre Littoria and the Casa del Fascio=194

30.4. Sabaudia's post office (Angiolo Mazzoni)=195

31. The Palazzo delle Esposizioni on Via Nazionale in 1932 Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution (MdRF)=205

32.1. MdRF, 1932 : Room Q, dedicated to the March on Rome (Mario Sironi)=206

32.2. MdRF, 1932 : Sacrario room (Adalberto Libera, Mario Valente)=207

33. The facade of the 1937-38 Augustan Exhibition of Roman Civilisation (Alfredo Scalpelli)=213

34. Parade in honour of Adolf Hitler on Via dei Trionfi (May 1938)=242

35.1. German pavilion, 1937 Paris world fair (Albert Speer)=247

35.2. Italian pavilion, 1937 Paris world fair (Marcello Piacentini and Giuseppe Pagano)=248

36. Diagram : the E42 Quarter=249

37. Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana, E42/EUR (Ernesto Bruno La Padula, Giovanni Guerrini, Mario Romano)=255

38. The fifth map on Via dell'Impero=260

39.1. Surviving Fascist-era insignia on the front of the Theatre of Marcellus=261

39.2. Surviving Fascist-era insignia on the side of Piazza Augusto Imperatore=262

39.3. Surviving Fascist-era insignia on the pavement of the Foro Italico (ex-Foro Mussolini)=262

40.1. Italo Griselli's 'Genius of Fascism', E42/EUR (now 'Genius of Sport')=263

40.2. Publio Morbiducci's 'History of Rome through Its Public Works', E42/EUR=265

41. Aerial view of EUR (ex-E42) in 1953=270

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"Rome underwent a spectacular transformation under Fascist rule; a transformation that was visual and topographical but also deeply symbolic. The 'third Rome' that Mussolini envisioned and sought to realise in the 1920s and 1930s was partly a new city, expanding in all directions from the historic centre, and partly a new vision for an ideal city that emerged from within a cityscape forged across millennia of history. This Rome was intended to be both the capital of a regenerated Italy and the sanctuary of a new international fascist political religion. Aristotle Kallis traces the plethora of visions and projects that sought to reimagine, reinvent, and reshape the city as a 'fascist capital' over the course of twenty short years. Extensive demolitions, reconfigurations of sites and monuments, as well as ambitious new constructions designed by an array of architects in wildly different styles, chronicle a fascinating story of conquering drive, ruthless appropriation, and interrupted ambition"--

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