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Acronyms and abbreviations=9
Executive summary=11
Part I. The governance of OECD metropolitan areas
Chapter 1. How do OECD metropolitan areas govern themselves?=15
Introduction=16
Metropolitan governance mechanisms are widespread, but rarely binding=17
Three key factors guide the choice of a metropolitan governance arrangement=22
Notes=26
Bibliography=26
Annex 1A.1. Typology of metropolitan governance arrangements across OECD countries=27
Chapter 2. A closer look at two strategic sectors of metropolitan governance : Transport and spatial planning=29
Introduction=30
Governance of transport : Both a vehicle and a bottleneck for growth in metropolitan areas=30
Governance of spatial planning : Managing the growth of metropolitan areas more effectively=35
Reconciling transport and spatial planning policies in metropolitan areas=42
Notes=52
Bibliography=52
Chapter 3. Steps for effective metropolitan governance reforms=55
Introduction=56
Motivate collaboration by identifying concrete metropolitan projects=56
Build metropolitan ownership among key stakeholders=63
Tailor reliable sources of metropolitan financing=75
Design incentives and compensations for metropolitan compromises=82
Implement a long-term process of metropolitan monitoring and evaluation=82
Notes=85
Bibliography=85
Part II. Case studies of selected OECD metropolitan areas
Chapter 4. Aix-Marseille, France=91
Overview of the metropolitan area=93
The governance of transport=98
The governance of spatial planning=100
Conclusion=101
Notes=104
Bibliography=104
Chapter 5. Athens-Attica, Greece=107
Introduction=109
Overview of the metropolitan area=109
The governance of transport=115
The governance of spatial planning=120
Conclusion=125
Notes=126
Bibliography=126
Chapter 6. Chicago, United States=129
Introduction=131
Overview of the metropolitan area=132
The governance of transport and spatial planning=134
Conclusion=142
Notes=143
Bibliography=144
Chapter 7. Daejeon, Korea=149
Introduction=151
Overview of the metropolitan area=151
The governance of transport=154
The governance of spatial planning=157
Conclusion=159
Notes=159
Bibliography=160
Chapter 8. Frankfurt, Germany=161
Overview of the metropolitan area=163
The governance of transport=169
The governance of spatial planning=172
Conclusion=175
Notes=176
Bibliography=178
Chapter 9. Puebla-Tlaxcala, Mexico=181
Introduction=183
Overview of the metropolitan area=183
The governance of transport=185
The governance of spatial planning=188
Conclusion=190
Notes=193
Bibliography=193
Table 1.1. Four broad categories of metropolitan governance bodies in OECD metropolitan areas=21
Table 2.1. Governance of transport and spatial planning in OECD case study regions=31
Table 2.2. Governance of spatial planning in different types of metropolitan authorities=38
Table 3.1. Metropolitan governance reforms in case study regions=56
Table 3.2. Main sources of revenues of metropolitan areas in OECD countries=76
Table 3.3. Comparing the sources of financing in three directly elected metropolitan authorities : Portland, Stuttgart and London=78
Table 4.1. Basic facts on Aix-Marseille=93
Table 5.1. Basic facts on Athens-Attica=109
Table 5.2. The Greek territorial framework before and after the Kallikratis reform=112
Table 5.3. Spatial planning system in Greece and in the metropolitan area of Athens=120
Table 5.4. Regulatory Master Plan of Athens in 1985, 2009 and 2011=121
Table 6.1. Overview of main government actors in metropolitan transport and planning in Chicago=135
Table 7.1. Basic facts on Daejeon=151
Table 7.2. Different types of cities in the Korean administrative system=153
Table 7.3. Ministries and levels of government engaged in regional and urban policy in Korea=157
Table 8.1. Basic facts on Frankfurt=163
Table 8.2. Main economic sectors in Frankfurt/Rhine Main=166
Table 9.1. Basic facts on Puebla-Tlaxcala=183
Table 9.2. Comparing the Puebla-Tlaxcala metropolitan zone and the OECD functional urban area of Puebla=183
Table 9.3. Allocation of responsibilities and resources for urban transport across levels of government in Mexico=186
Table 9.4. Composition of the Metropolitan Council and its subsidiary bodies=191
Figure 1.1. Average number of metropolitan governance bodies created (or reformed) in OECD countries per decade=20
Figure 1.2. Share of OECD metropolitan areas with and without a metropolitan governance body=20
Figure 1.3. Share of metropolitan governance bodies active in a policy field=20
Figure 1.4. Breakdown of metropolitan areas by type of governance arrangement=22
Figure 1.5. Average population in OECD metropolitan areas by type of governance arrangement=22
Figure 1.6. Budget of metropolitan governance bodies by type=25
Figure 4.1. Limits of the metropolitan area of Aix-Marseille as defined by the OECD Metropolitan Database=93
Figure 4.2. Population growth of the Aix-Marseille metropolitan area (INSEE definition)=94
Figure 4.3. Employment growth in the Aix-Marseille metropolitan area (INSEE definition)=94
Figure 4.4. Median income and inequalities in the 27 most populated urban areas in France, 2010=96
Figure 4.5. Modes of urban transport in selected OECD cities=99
Figure 5.1. Unemployment rate in the region of Attica and the rest of Greece=110
Figure 5.2. Youth unemployment rate in the region of Attica and the rest of Greece=111
Figure 5.3. Gross value added by sector in the Region of Attica, 2005-11=111
Figure 5.4. Sub-national government as a percentage of general government, 2012=112
Figure 5.5. Source of sub-national government revenues in OECD countries, 2012=114
Figure 7.1. Population density in Daejeon, 1990-2010=152
Figure 7.2. Fiscal autonomy of metropolitan cities and provinces in Korea, 2008 and 2013=153
Figure 7.3. Modal share of Seoul and metropolitan cities=155
Figure 7.4. The gap of modal choices between urban core and hinterland in metropolitan areas=156
Figure 7.5. Modal share by different transport modes in Daejeon, 2010=156
Figure 7.6. Vacancy rates in Korean metropolitan cities=158
Figure 8.1. Spatial planning in the Land of Hesse=173
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