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Acronyms and abbreviations=9

Executive summary=11

Part I. The governance of OECD metropolitan areas

Chapter 1. How do OECD metropolitan areas govern themselves?=15

Introduction=16

Metropolitan governance mechanisms are widespread, but rarely binding=17

Three key factors guide the choice of a metropolitan governance arrangement=22

Notes=26

Bibliography=26

Annex 1A.1. Typology of metropolitan governance arrangements across OECD countries=27

Chapter 2. A closer look at two strategic sectors of metropolitan governance : Transport and spatial planning=29

Introduction=30

Governance of transport : Both a vehicle and a bottleneck for growth in metropolitan areas=30

Governance of spatial planning : Managing the growth of metropolitan areas more effectively=35

Reconciling transport and spatial planning policies in metropolitan areas=42

Notes=52

Bibliography=52

Chapter 3. Steps for effective metropolitan governance reforms=55

Introduction=56

Motivate collaboration by identifying concrete metropolitan projects=56

Build metropolitan ownership among key stakeholders=63

Tailor reliable sources of metropolitan financing=75

Design incentives and compensations for metropolitan compromises=82

Implement a long-term process of metropolitan monitoring and evaluation=82

Notes=85

Bibliography=85

Part II. Case studies of selected OECD metropolitan areas

Chapter 4. Aix-Marseille, France=91

Overview of the metropolitan area=93

The governance of transport=98

The governance of spatial planning=100

Conclusion=101

Notes=104

Bibliography=104

Chapter 5. Athens-Attica, Greece=107

Introduction=109

Overview of the metropolitan area=109

The governance of transport=115

The governance of spatial planning=120

Conclusion=125

Notes=126

Bibliography=126

Chapter 6. Chicago, United States=129

Introduction=131

Overview of the metropolitan area=132

The governance of transport and spatial planning=134

Conclusion=142

Notes=143

Bibliography=144

Chapter 7. Daejeon, Korea=149

Introduction=151

Overview of the metropolitan area=151

The governance of transport=154

The governance of spatial planning=157

Conclusion=159

Notes=159

Bibliography=160

Chapter 8. Frankfurt, Germany=161

Overview of the metropolitan area=163

The governance of transport=169

The governance of spatial planning=172

Conclusion=175

Notes=176

Bibliography=178

Chapter 9. Puebla-Tlaxcala, Mexico=181

Introduction=183

Overview of the metropolitan area=183

The governance of transport=185

The governance of spatial planning=188

Conclusion=190

Notes=193

Bibliography=193

Tables

Table 1.1. Four broad categories of metropolitan governance bodies in OECD metropolitan areas=21

Table 2.1. Governance of transport and spatial planning in OECD case study regions=31

Table 2.2. Governance of spatial planning in different types of metropolitan authorities=38

Table 3.1. Metropolitan governance reforms in case study regions=56

Table 3.2. Main sources of revenues of metropolitan areas in OECD countries=76

Table 3.3. Comparing the sources of financing in three directly elected metropolitan authorities : Portland, Stuttgart and London=78

Table 4.1. Basic facts on Aix-Marseille=93

Table 5.1. Basic facts on Athens-Attica=109

Table 5.2. The Greek territorial framework before and after the Kallikratis reform=112

Table 5.3. Spatial planning system in Greece and in the metropolitan area of Athens=120

Table 5.4. Regulatory Master Plan of Athens in 1985, 2009 and 2011=121

Table 6.1. Overview of main government actors in metropolitan transport and planning in Chicago=135

Table 7.1. Basic facts on Daejeon=151

Table 7.2. Different types of cities in the Korean administrative system=153

Table 7.3. Ministries and levels of government engaged in regional and urban policy in Korea=157

Table 8.1. Basic facts on Frankfurt=163

Table 8.2. Main economic sectors in Frankfurt/Rhine Main=166

Table 9.1. Basic facts on Puebla-Tlaxcala=183

Table 9.2. Comparing the Puebla-Tlaxcala metropolitan zone and the OECD functional urban area of Puebla=183

Table 9.3. Allocation of responsibilities and resources for urban transport across levels of government in Mexico=186

Table 9.4. Composition of the Metropolitan Council and its subsidiary bodies=191

Figures

Figure 1.1. Average number of metropolitan governance bodies created (or reformed) in OECD countries per decade=20

Figure 1.2. Share of OECD metropolitan areas with and without a metropolitan governance body=20

Figure 1.3. Share of metropolitan governance bodies active in a policy field=20

Figure 1.4. Breakdown of metropolitan areas by type of governance arrangement=22

Figure 1.5. Average population in OECD metropolitan areas by type of governance arrangement=22

Figure 1.6. Budget of metropolitan governance bodies by type=25

Figure 4.1. Limits of the metropolitan area of Aix-Marseille as defined by the OECD Metropolitan Database=93

Figure 4.2. Population growth of the Aix-Marseille metropolitan area (INSEE definition)=94

Figure 4.3. Employment growth in the Aix-Marseille metropolitan area (INSEE definition)=94

Figure 4.4. Median income and inequalities in the 27 most populated urban areas in France, 2010=96

Figure 4.5. Modes of urban transport in selected OECD cities=99

Figure 5.1. Unemployment rate in the region of Attica and the rest of Greece=110

Figure 5.2. Youth unemployment rate in the region of Attica and the rest of Greece=111

Figure 5.3. Gross value added by sector in the Region of Attica, 2005-11=111

Figure 5.4. Sub-national government as a percentage of general government, 2012=112

Figure 5.5. Source of sub-national government revenues in OECD countries, 2012=114

Figure 7.1. Population density in Daejeon, 1990-2010=152

Figure 7.2. Fiscal autonomy of metropolitan cities and provinces in Korea, 2008 and 2013=153

Figure 7.3. Modal share of Seoul and metropolitan cities=155

Figure 7.4. The gap of modal choices between urban core and hinterland in metropolitan areas=156

Figure 7.5. Modal share by different transport modes in Daejeon, 2010=156

Figure 7.6. Vacancy rates in Korean metropolitan cities=158

Figure 8.1. Spatial planning in the Land of Hesse=173

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How do cities govern themselves as they grow bigger? The answer can shape the competitiveness and quality of life in those cities and depends on a number of factors, ranging from the country's institutional framework to the cities' specific socioeconomic dynamics. This report presents a typology of metropolitan governance arrangements observed across Oecd countries and offers guidance for cities seeking for more effective co-ordination, with a closer look at two sectors that are strategic importance for urban growth: transport and spatial planning.

The report draws from international examples of metropolitan governance mechanisms, and includes a series of in-depth case studies in a selection of six large metropolitan areas: Aix-Marseille (France), Frankfurt (Germany), Athens (Greece), Daejeon (Korea), Puebla-Tlaxcala (Mexico), and Chicago (United States).

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