영문목차

Introduction=1

About This Book=2

Foolish Assumptions=2

Icons Used in This Book=3

Beyond the Book=4

Where to Go from Here=4

Part I. Getting Started With Critical Thinking Skills=7

Chapter 1. Entering the Exciting World of Critical Thinking=9

Opening the Doors to the Arguments Clinic=10

Defining Critical Thinking=10

Spotting how the brain likes to think=11

Evaluating what you read, hear and think=12

Developing Critical Thinking Skills : Reading between the Lines=13

Challenging people's rationality=13

Dipping into the Critical Thinking skills toolbox=14

Ordering your thinking : Reason, analyse and then argue=15

Discovering what kind of thinking you do=17

Understanding What Critical Thinking Isn't=20

Chapter 2. Peering into the Mind : How People Think=21

Thinking Logically or Instinctively : Evolution and Consciousness=23

Buying beans and composing sonnets : Contrasting views of consciousness=24

Jumping to conclusions : The cost of fast thinking=25

Encountering human illogicality : The Linda Problem=27

Considering the power of group thinking=30

Watching How the Brain Thinks=33

'My nerves are playing up' : The brain at work=33

'I don't wish to know that' : Preferring stereotypes to statistics=35

Getting Inside Scientists' Heads=36

Engaging with scientific convention=37

Trusting conjecture and refutation=37

Thinking in fits and starts : Paradigm shifts=38

Answers to Chapter 2's Exercises=39

Pricing bats and balls=39

Looking for the robber=40

Astronomical wrangles=40

Chapter 3. Planting Ideas in Your Head : The Sociology of Thinking=41

Asking Whether You're Thinking What You Think You're Thinking=42

Knowing how outside forces work on people=42

Influencing people's opinions=43

Thinking and Indoctrination : Propaganda=45

'Here's what you think, comrade' : Russia and China=46

Mr Hitler appealing to the Man in the Street=47

Appreciating the Difficulties of Staying Impartial=50

Being neutral...up to a point : The BBC=51

Things are hotting up : The BBC and climate change=51

Struggling to find a consensus=52

Appealing to Feelings : The Psychology of Argument=53

Using emotions to powerful effect=54

Grabbing the attention of the gullible=55

Spotting prejudice dressed as science=56

Manipulating Minds and Persuading People=58

Understanding how persuasion in society works=59

Recognising the language of persuasion=60

Spotting the techniques being used on you!=61

Answers to Chapter 3's Exercise=62

Hitler on eugenics or breeding people=63

Chapter 4. Assessing Your Thinking Skills=65

Discovering Your Personal Thinking Habits=66

Identifying the essence of Critical Thinking=66

Testing your own Critical Thinking skills!=68

Busting Myths about Thinking=75

Accepting that sloppy thinking can work=75

Trumping logic with belief=77

Confirming the truth of confirmation bias=79

Exploring Different Types of Intelligence : Emotions and Creativity=82

Thinking about what other people are thinking : Emotional intelligence=82

Finding out about fuzzy thinking and creativity=86

Answers to Chapter 4's Exercises=86

Feedback on the Critical Thinking skills test=87

Part II. Developing Your Critical Thinking Skills=91

Chapter 5. Critical Thinking Is Like...Solving Puzzles : Reasoning by Analogy=93

Investigating Inventiveness and Imagination=94

Understanding the importance of analogies to creativity=96

Confused Comparisons and Muddled Metaphors=101

Seeing false analogies in action=102

Uncovering false analogies=103

Becoming a Thought Experimenter=105

Discovering thought experiments=106

Dropping Galileo's famous balls : Critical Thinking in action=108

Splitting brains in half with philosophy=110

Answers To Chapter 5's Exercise=111

Schrödinger's Cat=112

Chapter 6. Thinking in Circles : The Power of Recursion=113

Thinking Like a Computer Programmer=114

Taking tips on clarity from programmers=115

Thinking methodically with algorithms=116

Distinguishing between semantics and syntax=119

Combining the Thinking Spheres=121

Sort, Select, Amplify, Generate : Using Design Skills to See New Solutions=122

Check all the angles=124

State the problem, gather relevant information and analyse the implications=125

Look close, look away, look back=126

Try to avoid facts=128

Ordering Yourself a Nice, Fresh Argument! (Exercise)=128

Answers To Chapter 6's Exercises=130

The Maze Flow Chart=130

'Help me!'=131

The Monster's Argument=131

Chapter 7. Drawing on Graphical (and Other) Tools for Thinking=133

Discovering Graphical Tools : Mind Mapping and Making Concept Charts=134

Minding out for mind maps=136

Counting on concept charts=137

Following links and going with the flow=138

Putting Graphical Tools To Use=140

Choosing the right chart arrangement=140

Developing simple concept charts=141

Using maps and charts in the real world=143

Appreciating the different styles of concept charts and mind maps=143

Adding movement to your diagrams by drawing flow charts=144

Considering Other Thinking Tools=146

Emptying your head with a dump list=146

Sifting for gold : Summarising=148

Conjuring up ideas with brainstorming=149

Ascending the heights : Meta-thinking=150

Trying out triangulation=151

Answers to Chapter 7's Exercises=156

The Plant Problem=157

Summarising the paragraph=157

Chapter 8. Constructing Knowledge : Information Hierarchies=159

Building the Knowledge Pyramid with Data and Information Blocks=160

Viewing the connections of data and information=161

Joining the (data) dots to create information=162

Watching for errors and biases=164

Turning the Knowledge Hierarchy Upside Down=165

Thinking critically with Benjamin Bloom=165

Thinking creatively with Calvin Taylor=169

Maintaining Motivation : Knowledge, Skills and Mindsets=170

Feeling your way to academic success!=171

Perusing the paradoxical nature of praise=172

Developing the necessary mindset=172

Answers to Chapter 8's Exercises=173

Dewey's recipe for education=173

'It's been an exceptionally wet summer'=174

Research on the problems of demotivation=174

Part III. Applying Critical Thinking in Practice=175

Chapter 9. Getting to the Heart of the (Reading) Matter=177

Appreciating Critical Reading as a Practical Skill=178

Reading between the Lines=178

Checking the publisher's standing=179

Cross-examining the author=179

Considering why the text was written=180

Appraising how a text is written and presented=181

Taking into account when a text is written=182

Judging the evidence=183

Assessing your reasons for reading the text=184

Playing Detective : Examining the Evidence=184

Weighing up primary and secondary sources=185

Following chains of thought=187

Read me! Testing your critical reading skills=189

Spotting the hidden assumptions=190

Filtering out Irrelevant Material=191

Summarising with effective note-taking=192

Using your time wisely : Skim-reading=194

Answers to Chapter 10's Exercises=195

Read me! Testing your critical reading skills=195

Spotting hidden assumptions=196

Chapter 10. Cultivating Your Critical Writing Skills=199

Structuring Your Thoughts on the Page=200

Indentifying the basics of structure=200

Presenting the evidence and setting out the argument=201

Checking out the key principles of well-structured writing=203

Re-working that first draft=205

Deconstructing the question=206

Producing effective conclusions=206

Choosing the Appropriate Style of Writing=207

Keeping your audience in mind=207

Considering the detail required=208

Getting Down to the Specifics of Critical Writing=210

Understanding that only gardens should be flowery=210

Spotting and using keywords=210

Presenting the evidence and setting out the argument=211

Signposting to keep readers on course=213

Using intermediate conclusions=213

Answers to Chapter 10's Exercise=216

Chapter 11. Speaking and Listening Critically : Effective Learning=217

Getting the Most from Formal Talks=218

Participating in Seminars and Small Groups=220

Honing your listening skills=221

Transferring skills to real-life problems=222

Noting a Few Notes=224

Engaging in debate : The Socratic approach=225

Listening to an expert : The Academic approach=226

Comparing the consequences for the note-taking process=227

Democratising the Learning Environment=228

Doodling to generate creativity=230

Answers to This Chapter=232

The great intro=232

Doodling on doodling=233

Part IV. Reason and Argument=235

Chapter 12. Unlocking the Logic of Real Arguments=237

Introducing Real-Life Arguments=238

Coming as you are : Informal logic=239

Persuading with premises=242

Using pictures in everyday arguments=243

Checking a real argument's structure=244

Delving Deeper into Real Arguments=250

Considering the formula 'if A then B'=250

Assuming a causal link=252

Discussing unnecessary and insufficient conditions=253

Investigating independent and joint reasons=255

Being aware of hidden assumptions=256

Chapter 13. Behaving Like a Rational Animal=259

Setting out Laws for Thinking Logically=260

Asking Aristotle about reason=261

Posing problems for logic=263

Seeing How People Use Logic=265

Identifying convincing arguments=265

Falling over fallacies=267

Spotting a fallacy=270

Putting Steel in Your Arguments with Logic=270

Taking a clear line=271

Choosing your words carefully=271

Employing consistency and method=272

Answers to Chapter 13's Exercises=273

The 'Does welfare encourage slacking?' argument=273

The starfish argument=274

Chapter 14. Using Words to Persuade : The Art of Rhetoric=275

Introducing Rhetoric : When an Argument Isn't an Argument=276

Choosing the overall approach=276

Making a great speech=277

Winning When You're Right=279

Favouring a simple but effective structure=280

Remembering the difference between denotation and connotation=281

Conducting your argument with jokes=282

Speaking in triples=283

Debating Successfully When You're Wrong=284

Making a virtue of not knowing=285

Employing convoluted jargon=285

Throwing in a koan=286

Conducting your arguments via questions=287

Getting personal : Ad hominem=288

Discerning a Message=290

Answers to Chapter 14's Exercise=291

Chapter 15. Presenting Evidence and Justifying Opinions=293

Challenging Received Wisdom about the World=294

Investigating facts and opinions in everyday life=295

'Eat my (fatty) shorts!' : What is a healthy diet?=299

Digging into Scientific Thinking=300

Changing facts in a changing world=300

Teaching facts or indoctrinating?=302

Tackling the assertibility question=303

Resisting the pressure to conform=304

Following the evidence, not the crowd=306

Rules of the scientific journal : Garbage-in, garbage-out=308

Proving it!=310

Counting on the Fact that People Don't Understand Numbers : Statistical Thinking=313

Answers to Chapter 15's Exercise=315

Part V. The Part of Tens=317

Chapter 16. Ten Logical Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them=319

Claiming to Follow Logically : Non Sequiturs and Genetic Fallacies=320

Making Assumptions : Begging the Question=320

Restricting the Options to Two : 'Black and White' Thinking=321

Being Unclear : Equivocation and Ambiguity=321

Mistaking a Connection for a Cause : Correlation Confusion=322

Resorting to Double Standards : Special Pleading=323

Thinking Wishfully=323

Detecting the Whiff of Red Herrings=324

Attacking a Point that Doesn't Exist : Straw-Man Arguments=324

Redefining Words: Playing at Humpty Dumpty=325

Chapter 17. Ten Arguments that Changed the World=327

Suggesting That Only a Small Elite Is Clever Enough To Be In Charge=328

Crossing the Line : An Argument for Breaking the Law=329

Staying on the Right Side of the Law : An Argument for Always Obeying the Law=330

Arguing that Human Misery is Due to a Greedy Elite Exploiting Everyone Else=331

Proving That, 'Logically', God Exists=332

Proving That, 'in Practice', God Doesn't Exist=333

Defending Human Rights=334

Making Everything Relative=334

Getting All Relative with Einstein=335

Posing Paradoxes to Prove Your Point=336

Index=339