영문목차

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION=v

INTRODUCTION=vii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS=ix

PERMISSIONS=xiii

TABLE OF CASES=xliii

PART I. FOUNDATIONS

CHAPTER 1. EQUALITY=3

I. EQUALITY THEORY AND U.S. LAW=4

A. The Aristotelian Approach=5

B. The United States Constitution=13

C. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964=19

II. SEX INEQUALITY UNDER LAW=22

III. COMPARATIVE LEGAL EQUALITY APPROACHES=28

A. A Canadian Alternative=28

B. South African Developments=41

C. Emerging European Law=45

IV. SEX EQUALITY UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW=48

CHAPTER 2. RACE AND RACISM=61

I. EARLY PRECEDENTS=68

A. Facial Discrimination : Plessy v. Ferguson=68

B. Disparate Impact : Yick Wo v. Hopkins=80

C. Strict Scrutiny : Korematsu v. United States=83

D. Public and Private : Shelley v. Kraemer=94

II. CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENTS=100

A. Facial Discrimination : Brown v. Board=100

B. Disparate Impact : Griggs v. Duke Power Co.=110

C. Discriminatory Intent : Washington v. Davis=122

D. Affirmative Action : Grutter v. Bollinger=132

E. Racist Hate Speech : R. v. Keegstra=155

CHAPTER 3. SEX AND SEXISM=169

3.1. WORK=170

I. WOMEN'S ECONOMIC REALITY=171

II. WORK IN LAW : BRADWELL V. ILLINOIS=182

III. SEX STEREOTYPING AT WORK=191

A. Sex Stereotyping in Society=191

B. Individual Sex Discrimination : Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins=198

C. Transgender Discrimination as Sex Discrimination : Schroer v. Billington=211

IV. STATUTORY EQUAL EMPLOYMENT=226

A. Group Workplace Inequality : Wal-Mart v. Dukes and EEOC v. Sears=230

B. Comparable Worth=253

C. Part-Time Work=270

3.2. SEX CLASSIFICATIONS, CONSTITUTIONAL=272

I. SEX EQUALITY RECOGNIZED=279

A. Rational Relation : Reed v. Reed=280

B. Intermediate Scrutiny : Craig v. Boren=284

C. Strict Scrutiny : Frontiero v. Richardson=292

D. The Difference Gender Makes : J.E.B. v. Alabama=299

II. SEX EQUALITY DENIED=310

A. Difference : Geduldig v. Aiello and Rostker v. Goldberg=311

B. Intent : Massachusetts v. Feeney=332

3.3. PERMITTED VS. PROHIBITED DISTINCTIONS=342

I. "OTHER" AND "DIFFERENT"=346

II. BENIGN vs. INVIDIOUS=349

A. Invidious in Benign Garb? : Muller v. Oregon=349

B. Sex Specificity and Gender Neutrality : Kahn v. Shevin and Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld=356

C. Accuracy and Dependency : Goldfarb and Webster=365

D. Sex Specificity=378

1. Affirmative Action : Johnson v. Santa Clara=378

2. Deadly Force : Wanrow=390

3. Citizenship : Nguyen v. INS=394

3.4. EDUCATION AND ATHLETICS=400

I. ACADEMICS=403

A. Sex Separation : Vorchheimer v. Philadelphia=403

B. Sex Integration : Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan and United States v. Virginia=408

II. ATHLETICS=441

A. The Law of Sex Equality in Athletics=445

B. Athletics as a Gendered Social Institution=454

C. Delivering Equality : Cohen v. Brown University=457

3.5. PREGNANCY=466

I. PREGNANCY DISCRIMINATION AS NOT SEX DISCRIMINATION : General Electric v. Gilbert=472

II. PREGNANCY DISCRIMINATION AS SEX DISCRIMINATION : California Federal Savings ; Loan Ass'n. v. Guerra=484

CHAPTER 4. SEX, RACE, AND NATION=497

I. RACE AND SEX MERGED : LOVING V. VIRGINIA=502

II. RACE AND SEX DISTINGUISHED : THE BAKKE CASE=508

III. RACE AND SEX INTERSECT : THE JEFFERIES CASE=518

IV. SEX AND NATION IN CONFLICT=526

A. Sovereignty Versus Equality : Martinez v. Santa Clara Pueblo=526

B. Cultural Relativism : Kasindja and Dogru=547

CHAPTER 5. BURDENS OF PROOF=567

I. Disparate Treatment Burdens of Proof=571

A. Order and Allocation of Proof : McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green=573

B. Defendant's Rebuttal Burden : Furnco to Burdine=576

1. "Legitimate Nondiscriminatory Reason" : Furnco Construction v. Waters=577

2. Lightening the Defendant's Rebuttal Burden : Keene State v. Sweeney=580

3. Lightening the Defendant's Rebuttal Burden Further? Burdine=583

C. Pretext Burden : St. Mary's Honor Ctr. v. Hicks=590

D. Burden for Pregnancy Discrimination : Young v. UPS=607

E. Mixed Motive : Desert Palace v. Costa=614

II. Disparate Impact Burdens of Proof=619

A. Disparate Impact Cases=620

B. Standards of Proof : Wards Cove=623

PART II. APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER 6. FAMILY=641

I. THE ECONOMIC FAMILY=658

A. Spousal Support : Orr and Moge=662

B. Family Property Division : Kirchberg v. Feenstra=687

II. THE REPRODUCTIVE FAMILY=690

A. The "Illegitimate" Family : Stanley and Caban=693

B. The "Legitimate" Family : Parris, Burchard, David & Margaret M., Linda R.=724

III. THE SEXUAL FAMILY : CORBETT, GARDINER, AND SINGER=752

IV. THE VIOLENT FAMILY=772

A. Challenges to Legal Indifference : Bruno v. Codd and Thurman v. Torrington=783

B. Domestic Inaction and International Action : DeShaney, Gonzales, and Opuz=801

C. Killing Batterers in Self-Defense : Norman and Lavallée=838

CHAPTER 7. SEXUAL SUBORDINATION=861

7.1. RAPE=872

I. SEXUAL ASSAULT AS SEX INEQUALITY=880

A. Rape as Gender Based in Life=880

B. Rape as Gender Based Law=906

1. "Womanhood" : Dothard v. Rawlinson=907

2. Vulnerability : Michael M. v. Superior Court=915

3. Intimacy : The Libertá Case=933

4. International Law of Rape=947

II. THE CRIMINAL LAW OF RAPE=956

A. Force : Akayesu and Berkowitz=959

B. Consent : M.T.S. and the Antioch College Policy=978

7.2. SEXUAL HARASSMENT=1002

I. SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT WORK=1010

A. The Experience=1010

B. "Based on Sex" : Barnes, Oncale, and Nelson=1024

C. Types of Sexual Harassment=1050

1. Quid Pro Quo=1052

2. Hostile Environment=1057

D. Unwelcomeness=1074

E. Employer Liability : Faragher v. Boca Raton=1088

F. Retaliation : University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar=1102

II. SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN EDUCATION=1102

A. The Experience=1105

1. Student-Student (Peer) Sexual Harassment=1106

2. Teacher-Student Sexual Harassment=1116

B. The Legal Claim=1126

1. Teacher-Student Harassment : Alexander v. Yale=1126

2. Student-Student Sexual Harassment : Brzonkala, Nabozny, Mary Washington Administrative Complaint=1139

C. Institutional Liability : Franklin, Gebser, & Davis=1160

D. Policy & Procedure : Dear Colleague Letter, Campus SaVE Act, and Missoula Findings & Resolution=1181

CHAPTER 8. LESBIAN AND GAY RIGHTS=1209

I. LANGUAGE AND POLITICS=1220

II. PRIVACY : LAWRENCE V. TEXAS=1232

III. SAME-SEX EQUALITY : WINDSOR, OBERGEFELL, AND M&H=1258

IV. SAME-SEX SEX EQUALITY : BAEHR V. LEWIN, PERRY, BALDWIN, AND ARGUMENT=1310

CHAPTER 9. REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL=1361

I. STERILIZATION ABUSE : MADRIGAL V. QUILLIGAN=1371

II. ABORTION=1386

A. Privacy : Griswold, Roe, and Casey=1392

B. Sex Equality : McRae, Johnson, Bray, and Gonzales=1421

III. THE MATERNAL-FETAL RELATION : DOBSON, WHITNER, DAVIS and A.C.=1469

IV. SURROGACY=1493

A. Surrogacy Theorized=1498

B. Surrogacy Under Law=1513

CHAPTER 10. SEX TRAFFICKING=1533

10.1. PROSTITUTION=1549

I. CONDITIONS AND PRECONDITIONS OF PROSTITUTION=1560

II. PROSECUTING PROSTITUTION=1608

A. Sex Trafficking : Todd and Rantsev=1608

B. Sexual Slavery : Pierce v. United States=1622

C. Military Prostitution : "Comfort Women" Case=1635

III. SEX EQUALITY CHALLENGES TO PROSTITUTION=1646

A. Unequal Enforcement of Prostitution Laws : Hartway, In re P., and Jordan=1647

B. Civil Remedies for Prostitution=1672

C. The Nordic Model=1683

10.2. PORNOGRAPHY=1687

I. DEFINING PORNOGRAPHY=1695

A. From Obscenity to Equality=1695

B. Pornography as Prostitution : Fixler, Freeman, and the Nude Dancing Cases=1704

II. THE HARM OF PORNOGRAPHY=1716

A. Production Harms=1721

B. Consumption Harms=1728

III. PORNOGRAPHY AS SEX INEQUALITY=1750

A. Pornography as Speech : Hudnut, Butler, and R.A.V.=1750

B. Pornography as Sexual Harassment : The Robinson and Johnson Cases=1822

INDEX=IND-1