FIGURE 1-1. The Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory in 1924. The building in the foreground housed administration and services. The building at the upper right contained an atmospheric wind tunnel and the building immediately... 14

FIGURE 1-2. Entrance to the Langley Research Laboratory as it appeared in early 1928. The first example of a winged symbol used by the NACA was engraved directly above the building's name. (NASA L-02056) 15

FIGURE 1-3. Close-up view of the NACA symbol. (NASA L-02056) 15

FIGURE 1-4. The NACA research airplane group in 1922 appears in standard military color schemes of the day with individual identification numbers added by the NACA. The aircraft on the far left is a Vought VE-7 and the others are... 16

FIGURE 1-5. A rather illegible winged emblem was displayed on this de Havilland DH-9 used for transportation by the NACA at Langley in 1923. Note the enclosed rear cockpit used by passengers. (NASA L-00503) 17

FIGURE 1-6. This 1929 photograph of the Fairchild FC-2W2 owned by the NACA displays a winged symbol on the fuselage similar to that carried earlier by the de Havilland DH-9. Unfortunately, the words are unreadable. (NASA L-03546) 17

FIGURE 1-7. The words identifying the FC-2W2 as a NACA aircraft are legible in this photograph taken during an entry in the Langley Propeller Research Tunnel in 1929. (NASA L-03778) 18

FIGURE 1-8. Illustration of the NACA emblem carried on the FC-2W2 transport. (Contributed by Jennings Heilig) 19

FIGURE 1-9. The standardized marking for NACA-owned aircraft appears on the vertical tail of a Fairchild XR2K-1 aircraft designated NACA 82 in this photo in 1940. The original black and white photograph on the bottom has been computer... 20

FIGURE 1-10. A winged symbol denoting NACA equipment is displayed on this modified Ford with a Huck starter at Langley in 1926. The aircraft is a Vought VE-7 flown without a similar marking. (NASA EL-1997-00132) 21

FIGURE 1-11. Aircraft mechanics wear coveralls with NACA symbols while modifying a Fokker Trimotor transport with a NACA cowling concept in 1929. (NASA L-03415) 21

FIGURE 1-12. Early NACA markings in 1932. The aircraft, a Boeing PW-9, was the first American aircraft to have a metal fuselage and played a key role in a national program on the causes of in-flight structural failures. The NACA shield is... 22

FIGURE 1-13. Aerial view of Langley Field in 1939. The roof of the NACA hangar is readily identifiable by the large letters on its roof at the upper right of the photograph. (Army Air Corps) 22

FIGURE 1-14. The roof of the Flight Research Laboratory at the NACA Ames Aeronautical Laboratory displays the NACA identifier in 1941. (NASA AAL-1449) 23

FIGURE 1-15. The NACA Lewis laboratory flight hangar retained its NACA marking until the birth of NASA. (NASA C1955-38675) 23

FIGURE 1-16. The NACA emblem is seen above the entrance to the 8-Foot High-Speed Tunnel built in 1936. The tunnel circuit was demolished in 2011, and the office building is now operated by the Air Force. (NASA L-51079) 24

FIGURE 1-17. The Structures Research Laboratory building was the first building constructedin the NACA West Area in 1940, and it is still in use by NASA. The building displayed the early NACA wings insignia above the... 25

FIGURE 1-18. An early version of the NACA wings symbol as it appears today above the entrance door to the old NACA hangar at Langley. Note the description of the research focus under the symbol and the periods after... 25

FIGURE 1-19. The research staff of the Flight Research Laboratory at Ames in 1940 poses at the entrance to the laboratory. Note the subtle differences in the details of the NACA emblem compared to the details in the... 26

FIGURE 1-20A. The NACA emblem marks the location of the 16-Foot High-Speed Tunnel at Ames, which began operations in August 1941. The tunnel was converted to the 14-Foot Transonic Tunnel in 1953 and was demolished... 27

FIGURE 1-20B AND 1-20C. The early NACA winged emblem appeared on the 7- by 10-Foot High-Speed Tunnel and the Technical Service Building at Ames. The Technical Service Building was one of the first operational buildings... 27

FIGURE 1-21. Test pilot Lawrence Clousing enters a Lockheed P-80 for a test flight at Ames in 1947. The Ames hangar was built in 1940. The NACA wing insignia is notable since it displays features of the early emblem but... 28

FIGURE 1-22. The 16-Foot Transonic Tunnel was put into operation at Langley in late 1941. Although the wind-tunnel circuit was demolished in 2011, the office building remains in use by NASA with the original NACA emblem... 29

FIGURE 1-23. The Langley Low-Turbulence Pressure Tunnel became operational in 1941. The photograph shows the original name for the facility-"Two-Dimensional Pressure Tunnel"-and the early NACA wing symbol. The tunnel... 29

FIGURE 1-24. The cover of an NACA overview document in 1933 displays the early NACA wings emblem. (U.S. National Archives at College Park, MD, Textual Reference Branch, RG 255, Box 275, Folder 53-3) 30

FIGURE 2-1A. This photograph of blueprint LED-9535 shows the layout of the NACA standard insignia introduced in 1941 and a table of dimensional proportions. (National Archives and Records Administration, San Bruno, CA. Record Group 255.4.1. File G10-10) 33

FIGURE 2-1B. Close-up view of data providing schedule of proportions to be followed in the standard insignia. (National Archives and Records Administration, San Bruno, CA. Record Group 255.4.1. File G10-10) 33

FIGURE 2-2. This view of notable NACA attendees at the NACA Executives Conference at Langley in February 1946 shows an unusual version of the NACA wings above the entrance of the 1941 addition to the Langley Administration Building.... 34

FIGURE 2-3. The modified standard insignia of 1947 combined the shield and wings components of the earlier logos. (NACA LMAL 51669) 35

FIGURE 2-4. The famous U.S. Army Air Forces B-17 bomber "Memphis Belle" visited the AERL on 7 July 1943 as part of its homecoming war bond tour after being the first bomber to complete 25 combat missions in Europe. The standard NACA... 36

FIGURE 2-5. A busy day of flight research at the NACA Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory in 1946. The AERL hangar was built in 1942 and displayed the standard NACA insignia. (NASA C1946-14736) 37

FIGURE 2-6. The modified standard NACA wings logo appears on the Ames hangar (now NASA building N211) in this photo of a Republic F-84F during NACA tests in 1954. (GPN-2000-001509) 38

FIGURE 2-7. The NACA standard insignia was mounted above an entrance to the Langley 8-Foot Transonic Pressure Tunnel and remained there until the demolition of the building in 2011. The emblem is now on display at the National... 39

FIGURE 2-8. The 12-Foot Pressure Tunnel, one of the most famous workhorse tunnels at the Ames Research Center, was identified by a facility sign with the NACA standard insignia. (Contributed by Glenn Bugos) 39

FIGURE 2-9. The 40- by 80-Foot Tunnel at NASA Ames is the largest U.S. wind tunnel. It displays the NACA standard insignia. (Contributed by Glenn Bugos) 39

FIGURE 2-10. The NACA staff at the High-Speed Flight Research Station poses in front of its South Base office building at Edwards, California, in 1950. At the time, the staff reported to NACA Langley. The modified standard wings... 40

FIGURE 2-11. By 1954, the installation was renamed the NACA High-Speed Station and became an autonomous unit reporting to NACA Headquarters. Interestingly, the newly constructed main building at Main Base exhibited the older standard logo. (NASA E-33718) 41

FIGURE 2-12. The entrance to the Ames Aeronautical Laboratory exhibited the NACA modified standard wings emblem. (NASA A-13425) 41

FIGURE 2-13. Not all NACA buildings displayed the NACA insignia. For example, the security guard house at the Lewis laboratory used individual letters in 1956. (NASA GRC 1956_43269) 42

FIGURE 2-14. The second X-1 research airplane was used by the NACA for specific flights of interest to the research community. The airplane was originally orange in color but was painted all white and displayed the old NACA shield on the vertical tail in 1949. (NASA E49-009) 43

FIGURE 2-15. Two years later, in 1951, X-1-2 retained its white paint finish, but the NACA shield was replaced with the modified standard NACA wings insignia in a gold tail band. The X symbols were painted on the fuselage for reference during visual measurements of... 43

FIGURE 2-16. The Douglas D-558-1 shown in its early markings with the NACA shield on the vertical tail (top) and in flight with the NACA wings band (bottom) in the early 1950s 44

FIGURE 2-17. The swept-wing NACA/Navy Douglas D-558-2 displays the NACA shield in 1949 (top) and the NACA wings band in 1955 (bottom). (NASA E49-00200 and NASA E-1442) 45

FIGURE 2-18. White NACA X-planes on display at the High-Speed Flight Research Station. Aircraft are (left to right): D-558-2, D-558-1, X-5, X-1, XF-92A, and X-4. Photo of NACA research aircraft in front of the South Base hangar was taken on 1 March 1952. Both the... 46

FIGURE 2-19. This Grumman F9F-2 was flown at Langley in 1954 to evaluate a pioneering NACA analog fly-by-wire concept. In addition to the gold NACA tail band, it carries NACA letters on the rear fuselage. (EL-2002-00295) 46

FIGURE 2-20. In some cases, research aircraft carried the NACA insignia on the forward fuselage as shown here. Ames Director Smith DeFrance poses with the last Chairman of the NACA, James H. Doolittle, in the Ames hangar with a Convair F-102 airplane. (A-23459) 47

FIGURE 2-21. The gold NACA tail band is carried by this B-57 aircraft at Lewis in 1957. (NASA 1957_45904) 47

FIGURE 2-22. Striking photograph of an F-100 with NACA and U.S. Air Force markings during a flight-test program on inertial coupling phenomena at the NACA High-Speed Flight Station in 1957. (E-3213) 48

FIGURE 2-23. A McDonnell F-101 was flown at Langley in 1956 for investigations of sonic boom phenomena. The project produced data used today in the United States sonic boom database. The airplane carries a large NACA tail band as well as Air Force markings. (EL-2002-00289) 49

FIGURE 2-24. In 1957, Langley conducted flight tests of a Grumman F-11F-1 to obtain data for correlation with wind-tunnel and the oretical results obtained on NACA aerodynamicist Richard Whitcomb's area rule. The NACA tail band lacked the gold color typically carried by... 49

FIGURE 2-25. Ames test pilot George Cooper poses with an F-100 that displays the modified standard wings insignia under the forward fuselage. (NASA A-22548) 50

FIGURE 2-26. In the 1950s, NACA flight hangars were busy with numerous high-priority flight projects. The Langley hangar (top) housed three generations of aircraft wearing the NACA tail band, including (bottom to top) a P-51H, an F-101A, and an F-86A.... 51

FIGURE 2-27. This NACA-marked version of the Lockheed U-2 spy plane was one of about three dozen that participated in training of pilots at Groom Lake, Nevada, by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). NACA Director Hugh Dryden agreed to a cover story for... 52

FIGURE 2-28. An all-black U-2 was put on display at the NASA Flight Research Center in 1960 after the F. Gary Powers incident. (NASA GPN-2000-000112) 52

FIGURE 2-29. Lapel pin offered for purchase by NACA employees beginning in 1943. (Contributed by Peter W. Merlin) 53

FIGURE 2-30. Icing expert Lewis Rodert of the Ames laboratory wears the red, white, and blue NACA pin while accepting the Collier Trophy from President Truman in 1947. Rodert had started his career in icing at Langley, then transferred to Ames, and was... 53

FIGURE 2-31. NACA emblems abound in this photo taken in 1957 at Ames duringa visit from celebrity Arthur M. Godfrey. Godfrey was a certified pilotand had a strong interest in aviation. The group includes (left to right) Godfrey, Ames test pilot George Cooper... 53

FIGURE 2-32. These designs for the NACA meritorious service pins were submitted by J. J. Lankes of Langley (top) and Harry DeVoto of Ames (bottom). (Langley Air Scoop, internal newsletter, 4 March 1949, Volume 9, Issue 8, p. 3) 54

FIGURE 2-33. Sketch of the 20-year service pin submitted by F. D. Morris of Langley. (Record Group 255, Box 275, Folder 53-3, NARA Textual Reference Branch, College Park, MD) 55

FIGURE 2-34. NACA 15-year service pin awarded to Ben A. Goddin of Langley. Note the similarity to the sketches by F. D. Morris in the previous figure. (Contributed by Andy Goddin) 55

FIGURE 2-35. Dr. Hugh L. Dryden held the position of Director of the NACA from 1947 until October 1958. He was Deputy Administrator of NASA until his death in December 1965. In this photo, Dr. Dryden is wearing a 10-year NACA service pin. (NASA GPN-2002-000105) 55

FIGURE 2-36. Orville Wright's badge for access to the U.S. Army Air Forces Materiel Center at Wright Field. The background for the badge in the photograph is original fabric from the 1903 Wright Flyer. (Contributed by Keith Yoerg) 56

FIGURE 2-37. Other identification cards were carried by members of the NACA Committee. This card identifies Edward V. "Eddie" Rickenbacker as a member of the Committee from 1956 to 1958. (Contributed by Peter V. Merlin) 56

FIGURE 2-38. The NACA standard wings were a prominent component of the NACA identification badge worn by O.W. Culpepper of Langley in 1942. The bluish-purple color indicates an unclassified security clearance. (NASA Langley LAH) 57

FIGURE 2-39. Clarence J. Parker of Langley wore an orange badge, indicating that hewas cleared at the Confidential level. (Contributedby Tracey Redman) 57

FIGURE 2-40A AND 2-40B. Ames Director Smith DeFrance (left) was presented with his 35-year service award by his assistant, Jack Parsons (right). Parson's NACA badge is shown in the enlargement. (NASA GPN-2000-001525) 58

FIGURE 2-41. Ames test pilot George Cooper (left) and Ames Director Smith DeFrance (right) pose next to an F-86 research aircraft. DeFrance is wearing his NACA badge. (NASA A-16539) 58

FIGURE 2-42. Frank Bechtel began his 33-year NACA/NASA career at the NACA Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory in 1941. Here, he displays his AERL badge from the early 1940s. The red badge denotes a Secret clearance. (Contributed by Scott Marabito) 59

FIGURE 2-43. Langley's internal newsletter, Air Scoop, illustrated the new clip-on badges in November 1952. Samples included permanent and temporary badges. (NASA Langley Historical Archives) 59

FIGURE 2-44. Honorary NACA plaque presented to Fred E.Weick in recognition of his contributions to aviation. The plaque emblem is the standard design commonly used on retirement plaques. (NASA Langley Historical Archives, Weick collection) 60

FIGURE 2-45. Covers of early NACA technical reports did not feature symbols or insignia until about 1944. As shown here, many of the publications were translations of research conducted by other organizations, including universities and European research... 61

FIGURE 2-46. The NACA standard insigniawas used on the cover of NACA reports known as technical notes from 1944 to 1949 61

FIGURE 2-47. After the modified standard insignia was adopted, it was used on the cover of NACA technical note publications from 1949 until the end of the NACA in 1958 61

FIGURE 2-48. NACA Apprentice School banner bears the NACA modified wing emblem. Date unknown. (Contributed by James V. Plant) 62

FIGURE 2-49. This NACA reunion brochure from the second reunion at Williamsburg, VA, in 1982 exhibited the beloved wings and seal. (Fred Weick Collection LHA) 63

FIGURE 2-50. A special award of NACA wings was presented to James J. Modarelli, who served as Chairman of the NACA Reunion III held at the NASA Lewis Research Center in 1985. Modarelli was the creator of the NASA seal and insignia.... 63

FIGURE 2-51. Special medallion containing materials from a CurtissJenny biplane and one of the Bell X-1 research aircraft. (NASA Langley LHA) 64

FIGURE 2-52. The NACA seal was approved by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953. (NASA) 65

FIGURE 2-53. The NACA Distinguished Service Medal (left) and the NACA Exceptional Service Medal (right). (NASA Ames Artifacts Collection ART1387348 and ART1387349) 66

FIGURE 2-54. The NACA Exceptional Service Medal is presented at the NACA High-Speed Flight Station in November 1956 by Dr. Hugh Dryden to the crew of the X-1A research aircraft. L-R: Dr. Dryden, Joe Walker (X-1A research pilot), Stan Butchart... 66

FIGURE 2-55. This mural featuring the standard NACA wings and sketches of the NACA facilities was displayed in the NACA Headquarters boardroom along with the NACA seal. (LAL-67805) 67

FIGURE 3-1. James J. Modarelli (right) of the NASA Lewis Research Center (now the NASA Glenn Research Center) was the designer of the NASA seal and insignia. In the picture, Modarelli presents an incentive award to an employee at Lewis in 1964. (NASA C-68827) 69

FIGURE 3-2. View of the 1958 triennial inspection display on supersonic airplanes that was viewed by James Modarelli in the Ames Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel High Bay. The large Ames model of a twisted and cambered supersonic wing configurat... 70

FIGURE 3-3. Sketches of the six competing Center designs for the NASA seal. The winning design submitted by James Modarelli and his Lewis team is at the lower right. Note the upside-down attitude of the wing element. (NASA Headquarters... 72

FIGURE 3-4A. A three-quarter rear view of a wooden Langley display model in January 1958 showing the radical twist and camber of a supersonic arrow-wing design. Note the cobra-like raised nose at the upper right and the cambered, drooped... 73

FIGURE 3-4B. This photograph of the inverted model could have resulted in the erroneous wing rendering in Modarelli's first design of the NASA seal later in 1958. (NACA L-00504) 73

FIGURE 3-5. President Dwight D. Eisenhower (center) presents commissions to Dr. T. Keith Glennan (right) as the first Administrator of NASA and Dr. Hugh L. Dryden (left) as Deputy Administrator. (NASA MSFC-9248169) 74

FIGURE 3-6. Sketch on the left shows the erroneous NASA seal originally sent to the Army Heraldic Branch and the Commission of Fine Arts for review. Sketch on the right shows the corrected version in July. Note the revised wing attitude and... 75

FIGURE 3-7. Final version of the NASA seal 76

FIGURE 3-8. The NASA insignia designed by James Modarelli 77

FIGURE 3-9. Elliott Katzen of the NASA Ames Research Center. (Photo courtesy of Mrs. Elliott Katzen) 79

FIGURE 3-10. Clint Brown of the NASA Langley Research Center. (NASA L-05232) 79

FIGURE 3-11. Ames researcher Lynn W. Hutton poses with an advanced supersonic wing model in August 1958. This particular model was the one on display at the Ames inspection the previous month. (NACA A-24208) 80

FIGURE 3-12. The Brown Bomber configuration during tests in the Langley Unitary Plan Tunnel in February 1958. (NASA LAL 58-826) 82

FIGURE 3-13. In this very rare picture, an F-86D flown by Langley pilots during the transition from the NACA to NASA in 1958 was marked with an unofficial modification to the traditional NACA wings insignia. A NASA designation appears in the wings... 83

FIGURE 3-14. Tradition changes as the letter C in the NACA logo on the roof of the hangar at the Lewis Research Center is removed. Note the existing NACA emblems above the hangar doors and on the fuel tanker. (NASA C-1958-48854) 83

FIGURE 3-15. In this photo, the Lewis hangar roof and entrance markingshave been updated and the F-94 research aircraft has been marked with NASA on the forward fuselage. The old NACA wings emblem, however, has been marked over with "NASA." 84

FIGURE 3-16. Workmen begin the task of replacing NACA emblems and signs by removing the NACA wings insignia over the entryway at the High-Speed Flight Station. (NASA E96-43403-4) 84

FIGURE 4-1. NASA's top management from 1958 to 1960 was Dr. T. Keith Glennan, Administrator(center); Hugh L. Dryden, Deputy Administrator (left); and Richard E. Horner, Associate Administrator (right). Taken on 1 March 1960, the picture... 86

FIGURE 4-2. A NASA Distinguished Service Medal of the type awarded to astronaut Alan Shepard in 1961. (NASA) 87

FIGURE 4-3. Majestic view of colorful NASA F-104N aircraft of the NASA Flight Research Center, in formation near Edwards Air Force Base in 1963. The tail bands are yellow, rather than gold. The NASA insignia is barely visible on the engine air intakes on the... 88

FIGURE 4-4. NASA Langley began flight tests of its B737 research transport in 1973. In addition to the NASA insignia on its nose, the aircraft exhibited the insignia of the FederalAviation Administration near its entrance door. The tail band was gold with stylized... 89

FIGURE 4-5. Showing the NASA insignia on its nose and a gold tail band, the XB-70A Ship 1 takes off on a research mission.The aircraft was flown by the NASA Flight Research Center in the mid-1960s for high-speed studies and for sonic-boom investigations.... 89

FIGURE 4-6. NASA test pilot Pete Knight poses with the legendary X-15A-2 hypersonic research aircraft in 1965. A variation of the gold NASA tail band appears on the vertical tail, and the NASA insignia on the nose is backed by a gold flash. (NASA ECN-1025) 90

FIGURE 4-7. Long before the Space Shuttle, NASA explored the flight behavior of advanced space vehicles known as lifting bodies. Here Milt Thompson, Chief Test Pilot of the NASA Flight Research Center, poses with a low-cost, unpowered test vehicle known... 90

FIGURE 4-8. Rocket-powered lifting bodies were photographed at the Flight Research Center in 1972. Each carries the NASA insignia and gold tail band (L-R): The Air Force X-24A, the NASA M2-F2, and the NASA HL-10. (NASA EC69-2353) 91

FIGURE 4-9. Low-speed research vehicles also carried the insignia. The insignia is displayed on the wing of the Boeing/Vertol VZ-2 tilt-wing Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) research aircraft shown at Langley in 1960. (NASA GPN-2000-001732) 91

FIGURE 4-10. The first two groups of astronauts selected by NASA pose in 1963 behind NASA insignia. The original seven Mercury astronauts, selected in April 1959, are seated (L-R): L. Gordon Cooper, Jr.; Virgil I. Grissom; M. Scott Carpenter... 92

FIGURE 4-11. One of the most popular Mercury astronauts was Alan Shepard, seen here in his spacesuit prior to the first U.S. piloted suborbital mission in 1961. His suit carries the NASA insignia, a tradition that became part of every piloted... 93

FIGURE 4-12. John Glenn smiles after becoming the first American to orbit Earth in his Mercury spacecraft Friendship 7 on 12 February 1962. (NASA MA6-39) 93

FIGURE 4-13. President Kennedy honors John Glenn at Cape Canaveral on 23 February 1962. James Modarelli's NASA insignia is proudly displayed at the festivities. (NASA KSC-62PC-0014) 94

FIGURE 4-14. Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., prime pilot for the Mercury-Atlas 9 (MA-9) mission in 1963, relaxes while waiting for weight and balance tests to begin. The NASA insignia was worn in the same location on flight suits during Project Mercury. (NASA S63-03974) 95

FIGURE 4-15. Before it could embark on a Moon mission, NASA had to demonstrate the feasibility of a rendezvous mission with an orbiting target vehicle in the Gemini Program. NASA insignia and mission patches are worn by Astronauts WalterM. Schirra, Jr. (seated)... 95

FIGURE 4-16. The NASA insignia dominates the side of the Project Gemini Control Center building at Cape Canaveral in 1964. (NASA KSC-64C-2699) 96

FIGURE 4-17. The astronauts of Apollo 11 (L-R): Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Buzz Aldrin pose in spacesuits before their historic flight. The NASA insignia and American flag adorned their suits. (NASA GPN-2000-0011644) 96

FIGURE 4-18. Insignia on the Moon. Astronaut Buzz Aldrin steps down from the LEM in preparation for a task. The insignia carried on the front of the crew's suits was hidden by equipment, but the NASA insignia on their backpackscan be seen here. (NASA AS11-40-5869) 97

FIGURE 4-19. The covers of NASA technical reports published from 1959 to 1975, such as this technical note, included the NASA seal 98

FIGURE 5-1. The NASA logotype replaced the insignia in 1975. (NASA C-1997-4062) 100

FIGURE 5-2. The American bicentennial logo was designed by Bruce N. Blackburn. It was added to the Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center in 1976 and replaced by the meatball in 1998 100

FIGURE 5-3. This humorous, tongue-in-cheek "Goodbye Meatball" cartoon captures the abruptness of the worm insignia replacing the meatball insignia in 1975. (Contributed by James H. Cato) 101

FIGURE 5-4. The NASA Space Transportation System Program Badge was established in February 1977 103

FIGURE 5-5. The NASA logotype insignia is exhibited over the entrance to the main building at the NASA Ames-Dryden Flight Research Facility in 1991. In this photograph the logo appears behind the X-1E research aircraft withits NACA tail band.(EC-91-485-1) 104

FIGURE 5-6. The research aircraft of the NASA Ames-Dryden Flight Research Facility were photographed in 1985 in front of flight hangars marked with the NASA logotype insignia. The Shuttle hangar is in the background at the upper right. (EC-91-485-1) 104

FIGURE 5-7. The Ames Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel was declared a National Historical Landmark in 1985. The flow diverter section is proudly adorned with the meatball. The plaques on display in front of the tunnel discuss the contributions of the facility. (NASA ACD06-0213-001) 105

FIGURE 5-8. The NASA F-18 High Alpha Research Vehicle (HARV) had a special black finish to enhance visual analysis of flow characteristics over the airplane at high angles of attack. The NASA logotype insignia and the aircraft's NASA identification number were therefore... 106

FIGURE 5-9. The NASA logotype insignia was displayed on the verticaltail of the X-29 research aircraft in 1990. The vehicle also displayed the names of NASA's partners including Grumman, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and the U.S. Air Force.... 106

FIGURE 5-10. The Highly Maneuverable Aircraft Technology (HiMAT) remotely piloted vehicle exhibited the NASA logotype insignia during its research program at the Ames-Dryden Flight Research Facility in 1980. (NASA EC-14281) 107

FIGURE 5-11. As might be expected, during the decade following the introduction of the NASA logotype insignia, aircraft markings at various NASA facilities involved a mixture of old and new logos. Observers were often confusedby scenes of non-uniformity in... 107

FIGURE 5-12. During the age of the logotype, several aircraft retained the meatbal linsignia. Here NASA's F-106B research aircraft performs a flight above NASA Langley Research Center in 1979. The aircraft was used by Langley for storm hazard... 107

FIGURE 5-13. The Space Shuttle Enterprise and Shuttle Carrier Aircraft display the NASA logotype insignia during a test flight in February 1977. Note the gray color of the insigni a on the orbiter. Enterprise never flew in space. (NASA ECN-6882) 108

FIGURE 5-14. Enterprise mounted in launch configuration during a fit check at Vandenberg AFB in 1985. The orbiter shows its logotype insignia on the fuselage and right wing. (Air Force Photo DF-ST-99-04905) 109

FIGURE 5-15. Astronauts John W. Young, left, crew commander, and Robert L. Crippen, pilot for the STS-1 mission, pose with a Shuttle model in 1979. They wear patches of the logotype insignia and stand before a NASA flag with the NASA seal. The model... 109

FIGURE 5-16. President Ronald Reagan (in tan suit) joined a huge crowd in welcoming the Shuttle Columbia following its landing at Edwards at the end of the fourth Shuttle mission on 4 July 1982. The NASA logotype insignia was prominently displayed... 110

FIGURE 5-17. The crew of the Shuttle Discovery before their STS-26 Return-to-Flight mission in 1988. Crew members were: Back row (L-R): mission specialists John M. "Mike" Lounge, David C. Hilmers, and George D. "Pinky" Nelson. Front row (L-R): Richard... 111

FIGURE 5-18. Shuttle Discovery lands at Edwards after completion of the STS-26 Return-to-Flight mission on 3 October 1988. Like all earlier Shuttles, Discovery displays the logotype insignia. (NASA GPN-2000-001174) 111

FIGURE 5-19. Shuttle Atlantis blasts off from Kennedy Space Center on STS-34 to launch the Jupiter deep space exploration spacecraft Galileo on 18 October 1989. Atlantis carried the NASA logotype insignia on its right wing. The Galileo spacecraft provided... 111

FIGURE 5-20. The Hubble Space Telescope is seen in Shuttle Columbia's payload bay following successful repairs and reconfiguration during the STS-109 mission in March 2002. The telescope still exhibited the logotype insignia from its insertion into orbit in... 112

FIGURE 5-21. During the 1976 celebration of the nation's bicentennial, NASA technical reports were printed with the NASA seal and the bicentennial logo on the cover. (NASA) 113

FIGURE 5-22. Example of the cover of a NASA technical report typical of the early 1990s with the logotype insignia on display. (NASA) 113

FIGURE 5-23. A medallion was issued to all NASA employees in 1990 on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the NACA and NASA. (Joseph Chambers) 114

FIGURE 5-24. Stickers and pins of a special anniversary logo were also distributed to employees. (Contributed by Peter Jacobs) 114

FIGURE 6-1. The Langley flight hangar displayed both the NASA logotype and the meatball insignia during Administrator Goldin's visit in 1992. Although taken 2 years later, the photo shows the markings at the time of the visit. (NASA 1994-L-04816) 116

FIGURE 6-2. A meatball sign was hurriedly found and affixed to the podium above the soon-to-be removed NASA logotype during Administrator Goldin's briefing. (NASA 1992-L-06195) 117

FIGURE 6-3. Goldin expresses his affection for the meatball insignia on the nose of the Langley B737 research transport. (NASA 1992-L-06225) 117

FIGURE 6-4. The unofficial "wormball" was proposed as a "make everyone happy" design for the NASA insignia. (Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly) 118

FIGURE 6-5. James Modarelli (left) and his wife Lois receive a special award from NASA Administrator Daniel Goldin in 1992. The award citation stated, "To the creator of NASA's original 'Meatball' insignia. In honor of your lasting contributions to the proud... 120

FIGURE 6-6. The new 20-foot-diameter meatball insignia for the Lewis hangar is prepared for installation in 1997. (NASA C-1997-4062) 121

FIGURE 6-7. James Modarelli addresses the attendees at the rededication ceremony for the meatball insignia at the Lewis hangar. (NASA C-1997-3940) 121

FIGURE 6-8. The JSC work order that requested the changeover to the swoosh insignia for the NASA T-38 fleet. (Contributed by Robert M. Payne) 122

FIGURE 6-9. Two NASA T-38 aircraft at the Dryden Flight Research Center exhibit the swoosh tail insignia in 2007. (NASA ED07-0222-23) 123

FIGURE 6-10. Details of the swoosh tail markings on NASA aircraft have been different. In this 2006 photograph of the NASA Langley OV-10 aircraft, the orbiting spacecraft insignia is red. Variations in color of the orbiting band on NASA aircraft have... 124

FIGURE 6-11. This special meatball patch was designed and worn by NASA crews for deployments to the Middle East. (Contributed by Peter Merlin) 124

FIGURE 6-12. The current logo of the NASA Federal Credit Union includes a unique blue version of the retired NASA logo type.(Courtesy of NASA FCU) 125

FIGURE 6-13. The KSC Vehicle Assembly Building appears with the U.S. flag and meatball in 2011. Thousands of NASA Kennedy Space Center employees stand side-by-side to form a full-scale outline of a Space Shuttle orbiter outside the building. The unique... 125

FIGURE 6-14. The NASA seal is prominently exhibited on the HL-10 display at the entrance to the NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center. (NASA ED14-0081-128) 126

FIGURE 6-15. The meatball on the Glenn Research Center's hangar gets a touch-up in 2006. (NASA C-2006-1777) 126

FIGURE 6-16. NASA SR-71 and F-16XL aircraft fly in formation above Edwards, CA, during a sonic boom study in March 1995. The SR-71 (top) has a non-standard white tail band featuring the NASA logotype insignia, while the F-16XL has a stylized version... 127

FIGURE 6-17. The first of two unpiloted Global Hawk aircraft from the Armstrong Flight Research Center landed at the NASA Wallops Flight Facility in August 2014 to participate in research on hurricane formation and intensity. The meatball and swoosh insignia... 127

FIGURE 6-18. NASA's Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) flies with the sliding door over its telescope cavity fully open. Note the variations in markings, including the swoosh and insignia of partners. (NASA EC95-43024-2) 128

FIGURE 6-19. NASA's NB-52B carrier aircraft rolls down a taxiway at Edwards Air Force Base with an unpiloted X-43A hypersonic scramjet vehicle mounted to a modified Pegasus booster rocket on a pylon under its right wing in 2001. The Pegasus launch vehicle... 128

FIGURE 6-20. The meatball insignia carried by the Shuttle Discovery on its left wing and aft fuselage are clearly visible in this dramatic picture of the launch of mission STS-120 in 2007. (NASA STS 120-S-047) 129

FIGURE 6-21. Space Shuttles Enterprise, left, and Discovery meet nose-to-nose at the beginning of a transfer ceremony at the Smithsonian's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center on 19 April 2012 in Chantilly, Virginia. Discovery, with its NASA meatball insignia, took the... 130

FIGURE 6-22. On 6 June 2012, Shuttle Enterprise is lifted off a barge and onto the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum in New York City, where it is on display. Enterprise retained its worm insignia throughout its life. (NASA KSC) 130

FIGURE 6-23. Space Shuttle Endeavour and the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft land at the Los Angeles International Airport on 12 September 2012, in preparation for entry into a museum display. Endeavour carried its meatball insignia into retirement and is on public... 131

FIGURE 6-24. Shuttle Atlantis was the last to fly before the fleet was retired. It is on display at the NASA Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex at Cape Canaveral, Florida. The open cargo bay doors obscure the meatball on the rear fuselage, but the insignia... 131

FIGURE 6-25. NASA Service Pins are based on the meatball insignia. (NASA Employee Recognition and Awards Catalog 2014) 132

FIGURE 6-26. Collection of NACA and NASA pins from the collection of former Ames employee Vernon Rogallo. (NASA Ames Artifact Collection number PP14.02) 133

FIGURE 6-27. The NASA Distinguished Service Medal (type II) was created in 1961. (NASA) 133

FIGURE 6-28. The NASA individual and group honor awards feature the NASA seal. (NASA) 134

FIGURE 6-29. The meatball insignia is featured on retirement plaques for NASA employees.This blank plaque has been prepared for a future award. (NASA) 134

FIGURE 6-30. Employees who worked for both the NACA and NASA received plaques with both logos. Calvin C. Berry retired as a supervisor of technicians after a 42-year career at Langley. (NASA Langley LHA) 134

FIGURE 6-31. The letterhead of The Researcher News, Langley's in-house newsletter, has maintained a graphic of the NASA insignia through the years. Pictured are headers for (top to bottom) 1970, 1990, and 1996 reflecting the changes in the NASA insignia. (NASA) 135

FIGURE 6-32. The appearance of NASA technical reports has changed considerably since the days of the NACA. For example, the cover of this 2007 technical publication does not cite the author's name and uses a Center-specific graphic. The NASA meatball is... 135

FIGURE 6-33. The NASA meatball dominates the backdrop, and the NASA seal appears on the speaker's podium on 7 May 1999 at a celebration of the renaming of the Lewis Research Center in honor of former astronaut John Glenn. The Center is now known as... 136

FIGURE 6-34. The meatball insignia was on display again on 2 March 2012, when 90-year-old John Glenn addressed a crowd of over 3,000 at Cleveland State University in celebration of being the first American to orbit Earth. (NASA C-2012-1298) 136

FIGURE 6-35. The special logo adopted for the 50th Anniversary of NASA. (NASA C-2012-1298) 137

FIGURE 6-36. The remarkable display of the meatball insignia at the 2011 BrickFair event. (NASA 580084-6712) 137

FIGURE 6-37. The special Virginia vanity license plate created for the Langley Research Center. (NASA C-2012-1298) 138

FIGURE 6-38. The special NASA logo for the centennial anniversary of NACA. (NASA via Tony Springer) 138