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Title page
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 7
1.1. Overview of the Latvian Economy 7
1.2. Research and Innovation System in Latvia 22
1.2.1. Key Challenges 22
1.2.2. Research Performers 25
1.3. Research and Innovation Policies and Governance in Latvia 27
1.3.1. Key Players of Research and Innovation Governance in Latvia 28
1.3.2. Main Policy Planning Documents and Initiatives 31
2. ANALYSIS OF RELEVANT STATISTICAL DATA 36
2.1. Research and Development Expenditure 36
2.2. Science and Technology Human Resources Statistics 39
3. BIBLIOMETRIC INDICATORS 49
4. POLICY FRAMEWORK AND MEASURES FOR THE ATTRACTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 55
4.1. Recent Systemic Reforms 55
4.2. Direct Measures for Human Capital Development 56
4.3. Indirect Measures for Human Capital Development 58
4.4. Cooperation with Science Diaspora 59
5. BIBLIOGRAPHY 62
6. ABBREVIATIONS 65
APPENDIX A. POLICY INSTRUMENTS TARGETING SCIENTIFIC COMPETITIVENESS, CAPACITY OF INNOVATION AND INCREASING BUSINESS COMPETITIVENESS 66
APPENDIX B. FWCI OF DIFFERENT SCIENCE FIELDS (SCOPUS, SCIVAL DATA) 79
Figure 1. GDP growth trend in Latvia 8
Figure 2. Employment rates of recent graduates (aged 20-34) not in education and training, by educational attainment level, 2018 9
Figure 3. Structure of the economy 10
Figure 4. Latvian exports 11
Figure 5. Evolution of Latvian exports 2010-2017 12
Figure 6. FDI stock in Latvia by country, billion euro and per cent 13
Figure 7. Manufacturing by technology intensity 14
Figure 8. Entrepreneurial framework conditions in Latvia 16
Figure 9. Entrepreneurial behaviour and attitudes in the Baltic countries 17
Figure 10. Global competitiveness index for Latvia, 2018 18
Figure 11. Breakdown of the 'Innovation capability' pillar for Latvia 19
Figure 12. Global competitiveness index for the Baltic countries 20
Figure 13. International long-term migration 21
Figure 14. Progress of RIS3 indicators 24
Figure 15. Governance of the research and innovation system in Latvia 29
Figure 16. Policy planning documents for research, development and innovation 32
Figure 17. Gross domestic expenditure on R&D 36
Figure 18. R&D expenditure per sector of activity in 2017 37
Figure 19. Success rates in EU Framework programmes 38
Figure 20. BERD percentage of GDP 39
Figure 21. Number of full-time R&D personnel, planned vs. actual 40
Figure 22. R&D personnel by sector and year 41
Figure 23. Percentage of workforce employed in science in 2016 41
Figure 24. Researchers by field of science, FTE, 2016 42
Figure 25. Number of doctoral graduates 43
Figure 26. Doctorate holders by age and gender, 2017 44
Figure 27. Graduates of doctoral studies by field of education (academic year 2016/2017) 44
Figure 28. Doctoral graduates across disciplines, 2015 45
Figure 29. International mobility in post-PhD career, 2016 46
Figure 30. Latvia's European Innovation Scoreboard performance for 'Human resources' 47
Figure 31. Latvia compared to other Baltic countries on European Innovation Scoreboard performance for 'Human resources' 47
Figure 32. Latvia's European Innovation Scoreboard performance for 'Employment impacts' 48
Figure 33. Latvia compared to other Baltic countries on European Innovation Scoreboard performance for 'Employment impacts' 48
Figure 34. Number of publications in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia in the period 2012-2017 (normalised per 1000 population) 49
Figure 35. Number of publications in different fields of science, Latvia 50
Figure 36. FWCI in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia 50
Figure 37. Web of Science documents and citation (total), Latvia 51
Figure 38. Academic-corporate collaboration 52
Figure 39. Academic-corporate collaboration in different science fields in Latvia 52
Figure 40. International collaboration in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia 53
Figure 41. International collaboration of different science fields, Latvia 53
Figure 42. Collaboration countries of Latvian scientists (darker colours present higher numbers of co-publications) 54
Figure 43. Return plans of Latvia's science diaspora 60
Figure 44. Policy instruments supporting competitiveness of science 66
Figure 45. Policy instruments targeting capacity for innovation 71
Figure 46. Policy instruments targeting overall business competitiveness 77
Figure 47. FWCI medical sciences 79
Figure 48. FWCI agricultural sciences 79
Figure 49. FWCI engineering and technologies 80
Figure 50. FWCI humanities 80
Figure 51. FWCI natural sciences 81
Figure 52. FWCI social sciences 81
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