Title

Contents

Perspective 5

Hantavirus Infections in Humans and Animals, China / Yong-Zhen Zhang;Yang Zou;Zhen F. Fu;Alexander Plyusnin 5

Incidence and Mortality Rates 5

Geographic Distribution 6

Epidemiology 7

Infections in Humans 7

Infections in Animals 7

Hantavirus Isolates 9

Control and Prevention 11

Conclusions 11

Acknowledgments 12

References 12

Synopsis 14

Clostridium difficile Bacteremia, Taiwan / Nan-Yao Lee;Yu-Tsung Huang;Po-Ren Hsueh;Wen-Chien Ko 14

Patients 15

Definitions 15

Identification of Isolates and Clonality 15

Antimicrobial Drug Susceptibility Testing 16

Statistical Analysis 16

Literature Review 16

Conclusions 17

References 19

Research 21

Responses to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Australia / K. Eastwood et al. 21

Methods 22

Study Protocol and Participants 22

Scope of Interview 22

Statistical Analyses 22

Results 22

Knowledge 22

Impact 23

Personal Protection 23

Compliance with Public Health Containment Measures 23

Communication 23

Discussion 25

Acknowledgments 26

References 26

Bat Coronaviruses and Experimental Infection of Bats, the Philippines / S. Watanabe et al. 27

Materials and Methods 27

Bat Collection 27

Extraction of RNA and Reverse Transcription 28

PCR and DNA Sequencing 28

Bat Samples 28

Detection of Virus mRNA in Bats 28

Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR 28

Results 29

Virus Detected 29

Virus in Cell Cultures 29

Virus Propagation in Fruit Bats 29

Virus mRNA in Experimentally Infected Bats 30

Experimental Infection of Bats 30

Discussion 31

Acknowledgments 33

References 33

Multiyear Surveillance for Avian Influenza Virus in Waterfowl from Wintering Grounds, Texas Coast, USA / P.J. Ferro et al. 34

Methods 35

Sample Collection and Analysis 35

Statistical Analysis 35

Results 36

Sampling Overview 36

Subtype Prevalences 36

Prevalence by Sex, Age, and Species 36

Discussion 37

Acknowledgments 39

References 39

Outbreak of Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum Infection in Cystic Fibrosis Patients, France / F. Bittar et al. 41

Methods 42

Sample Collection and Bacteriologic Culture 42

Phenotypic Identification 42

Genotypic Identification and Sequence Analysis 42

Bacterial Analysis by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry 42

Real-time PCR 43

Results 43

Patients and Samples 43

Phenotypic and Molecular Identification of the Isolates 43

Real-time PCR 43

Discussion 44

Acknowledgment 45

References 45

White-Nose Syndrome Fungus(Geomyces destructans) in Bats, Europe / G. Wibbelt et al. 47

Materials and Methods 48

Results 49

Discussion 50

Acknowledgments 52

References 52

Scavenging Ducks and Transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, Java, Indonesia / J. Henning et al. 54

Materials and Methods 54

Study Design 54

Data Collection and Diagnostic Tests 55

Investigations of Bird Deaths 55

Data Analyses 56

Results 56

Prevalence of Antibodies to Avian Influenza (H5) 56

HPAI (H5) Virus Prevalence in Clinically Healthy Birds 57

HPAI Outbreaks 57

Discussion 57

Acknowledgments 59

References 59

West Nile Virus Range Expansion into British Columbia / D. Roth et al. 61

Material and Methods 62

Study Area 62

Provincial WNV Surveillance 62

Temperature Analysis and Degree-Day Calculations 63

Results 63

Provincial and Regional WNV Activity 63

Mosquito Abundance and Infection Rates 63

Bird Surveillance 64

Climate 64

Discussion 65

Acknowledgments 67

References 67

Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Surveillance for Severe Illness, New York, New York, USA, April-July 2009 / S. Balter et al. 69

Methods 70

Enhanced Citywide Surveillance 70

Active Surveillance for Critically Ill Case-Patients 70

Enhanced Passive Surveillance for Hospitalized Case-Patients with Noncritical Illness 70

Active Laboratory Surveillance 70

Case-Patient Interviews 71

Surveillance for Deaths 71

Laboratory Methods 71

Analytic Methods 71

Results 71

Hospitalizations 71

Deaths 72

Discussion 72

Acknowledgments 74

References 74

Correlation of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Viral Load with Disease Severity and Prolonged Viral Shedding in Children / C.-C. Li et al. 75

Materials and Methods 76

Study Design and Study Subjects 76

Virus Culture 76

Differentiation and Quantification of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus 76

Statistical Analysis 77

Results 77

Demographic Data for the Patients Infected with Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 77

Viral Load and Days after the Onset of Fever 77

Higher Viral Loads in Patients with Pneumonia 77

Prolonged Viral Shedding Time after Oseltamivir Treatment 78

Prolonged Period of Viral Shedding in Patients ＜13 Years of Age 78

Discussion 79

Acknowledgments 81

References 81

Historical Review 83

Pearl Kendrick, Grace Eldering, and the Pertussis Vaccine / Carolyn G. Shapiro-Shapin 83

Dispatches 89

Duck Hunters' Perceptions of Risk for Avian Influenza, Georgia, USA / H. Dishman et al. 89

Amblyomma imitator Ticks as Vectors of Rickettsia rickettsii, Mexico / K.A. Oliveira et al. 92

Bat Rabies in Massachusetts, USA, 1985-2009 / X. Wang et al. 95

Lyme Borreliosis, Po River Valley, Italy / D. Pistone et al. 99

Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Surveillance in Marginalized Populations, Tijuana, Mexico / T.C. Rodwell et al. 102

Novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Pathogen, M. mungi / K.A. Alexander et al. 106

Quarantine Methods and Prevention of Secondary Outbreak of Pandemic(H1N1) 2009 / C.-Y. Chu et al. 110

Picornavirus Salivirus/Klassevirus in Children with Diarrhea, China / T. Shan et al. 113

Human Rickettsia heilongjiangensis Infection, Japan / S. Ando et al. 116

Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Vaccination and Class Suspensions after Outbreaks, Taipei City, Taiwan / P.-R. Hsueh et al. 119

Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus and Down Syndrome Patients / R. Perez-Padilla et al. 122

Household Effects of School Closure during Pandemic(H1N1) 2009, Pennsylvania, USA / T.L. Gift et al. 125

Letters 128

Imported Human Rabies, the Philippines and Finland, 2007 128

Eye-Opening Approach to Norovirus Surveillance 129

Possible Recurrent Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Infection, Israel 131

Novel Chlamydia-like Organisms as Cause of Bovine Abortions, UK 133

West Nile Virus Knowledge among Hispanics, San Diego County, California, USA, 2006 134

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Man, Republic of Georgia, 2009 136

Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis Infection in Horses 138

Lethal Necrotizing Pneumonia Caused by an ST398 Staphylococcus aureus Strain 140

Not-So-Novel Michigan Rabbit Calicivirus 141

Leptospira Serovar as Prognostic Factor 143

Book Review 144

The Dictionary of Virology, 4th Edition 144

About the Cover 145

Not from the Stars Do I My Judgment Pluck / Polyxeni Potter 145

etymologia Bordetella pertussis 88

New & Notes 147

Hantavirus Infections in Humans and Animals, China / Yong-Zhen Zhang;Yang Zou;Zhen F. Fu;Alexander Plyusnin 8

Table 1. Major rodent species captured in China, by location and years 8

Table 2. Hantaviruses circulating in China, 1981-2008 8

Table 3. Inactivated hantavirus vaccines used in China, 1995-2010 11

Clostridium difficile Bacteremia, Taiwan / Nan-Yao Lee;Yu-Tsung Huang;Po-Ren Hsueh;Wen-Chien Ko 17

Table 1. Clinical manifestations, antimicrobial drug therapy, and outcome of 12 patients with Clostridium difficile bacteremia, Taiwan, 1989-2009 17

Table 2. Summary of clinical characteristics of 12 patients with Clostridium difficile bacteremia in the current series from Taiwan, 1989-2009, and of 20 additional cases published since 1962 18

Table 3. In vitro antimicrobial drug susceptibilities of 10 bacteremic Clostridium difficile isolates, Taiwan, 1989-2009 19

Responses to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Australia / Keith Eastwood;David N. Durrheim;Michelle Butler;Alison Jones 24

Table 1. Adults' reported willingness to comply with public health authority requests with regard to influenza pandemic, Australia 24

Table 2. Predicted compliance with public health authority requests with regard to influenza pandemic, Australia, 2009 24

Bat Coronaviruses and Experimental Infection of Bats, the Philippines / S. Watanabe et al. 29

Table 1. Prevalence of coronavirus in bats, the Philippines 29

Table 2. PCR results for bat coronavirus in fruit bats infected by using bat intestinal samples, the Philippines 31

Table 3. Time course of detection of coronavirus viral genome by PCR in feces from 2 fruit bats, the Philippines 31

Table 4. Results of nested and quantitative RT-PCRs of cDNA from bat samples, the Philippines 32

Multiyear Surveillance for Avian Influenza Virus in Waterfowl from Wintering Grounds, Texas Coast, USA / P.J. Ferro et al. 37

Table 1. Subtypes of avian influenza viruses isolated in the fall (September and November) from selected species during 3 consecutive hunting seasons, Texas mid-Gulf Coast, USA, 2006-07, 2007-08, and 2008-09 37

Table 2. Subtypes of avian influenza viruses isolated in the winter (December-January) from selected species during 3 consecutive hunting seasons, Texas mid-Gulf Coast, USA, 2006-07, 2007-08, and 2008-09 37

Table 3. Comparison of apparent prevalence of avian influenza virus in hunter-harvested waterfowl, Texas mid-Gulf Coast, USA, September-January 2006-07, 2007-08, and 2008-09 38

Table 4. Multivariate logistic regression model to identify variables associated with a positive real-time RT-PCR result, Texas mid-Gulf Coast, USA, 2006-07, 2007-08, and 2008-09 38

Outbreak of Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum Infection in Cystic Fibrosis Patients, France / F. Bittar et al. 42

Table. Strains used to test the specificity of quantitative PCR and Ct obtained in a study of Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum infection in CF patients, France, August 2005-June 2008 42

White-Nose Syndrome Fungus(Geomyces destructans) in Bats, Europe / G. Wibbelt et al. 49

Table 1. Bats tested for Geomyces destructans by using microscopy, fungal culture, or PCR analysis, by country, Europe 49

Table 2. Fungal culture and PCR results for 23 bats with evidence of fungal colonization tested by light or electron microscopy, Europe 50

Scavenging Ducks and Transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, Java, Indonesia / J. Henning et al. 57

Table. Antibodies to avian influenza (H5) in ducks and in-contact chickens monitored on the same farms during 501 farm visits, Central Java, Indonesia, March 2007-March 2008 57

West Nile Virus Range Expansion into British Columbia / D. Roth et al. 65

Table 1. Summary of British Columbia WNV surveillance activities during the WNV seasons of 2004-2009 65

Table 2. MLEs and MIRs of 2-week infection rates in Culex tarsalis mosquitoes, South Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, 2009 66

Table 3. Cumulative degree-days for communities in British Columbia between, January 1-August 31, 2003-2009 67

Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Surveillance for Severe Illness, New York, New York, USA, April-July 2009 / S. Balter et al. 72

Table. Demographic characteristics of patients hospitalized with confirmed or probable pandemic (H1N1) 2009, New York, NY, USA, April 24-July 7, 2009 72

Correlation of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Viral Load with Disease Severity and Prolonged Viral Shedding in Children / C.-C. Li et al. 77

Table 1. Demographic data for 581 patients with RT-PCR-confirmed pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection, Taiwan 77

Table 2. Factors associated with duration of viral shedding in 60 patients with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection, Taiwan 79

Table 3. Characteristics of 60 patients who were infected with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus, by age group, Taiwan 80

Duck Hunters' Perceptions of Risk for Avian Influenza, Georgia, USA / H. Dishman et al. 90

Table 1. Experience and hunting practices among surveyed duck hunters, Georgia, USA, November 17, 2007-March 27, 2008 90

Table 2. Duck hunter experience and exposure to avian influenza (H5N1), Georgia, USA, November 17, 2007-March 27, 2008 90

Bat Rabies in Massachusetts, USA, 1985-2009 / X. Wang et al. 96

Table 1. Reasons for bat submissions for rabies testing, Massachusetts, USA, 1985-2009 96

Table 2. Characteristics of bats submitted for rabies testing, Massachusetts, USA, 1985-2009 97

Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Surveillance in Marginalized Populations, Tijuana, Mexico / T.C. Rodwell et al. 104

Table. Univariate comparisons of 303 persons screened for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus in Tijuana, Mexico, May 1-November 20, 2009 104

Novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Pathogen, M. mungi / K.A. Alexander et al. 107

Table 1. Genomic regions of difference of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex members compared with M. mungi 107

Table 2. Comparison of full 24-set MIRU-VNTR of selected Mycobacterium mungi isolates 108

Quarantine Methods and Prevention of Secondary Outbreak of Pandemic(H1N1) 2009 / C.-Y. Chu et al. 111

Table. Evaluation of suspected cases of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among 152 quarantined persons who were virus-negative at the start of quarantine during an outbreak in northern People's Republic of China, 2009 111

Human Rickettsia heilongjiangensis Infection, Japan / S. Ando et al. 117

Table. Antibody titers to spotted fever group rickettsiae in patient's serum samples, Sendai, Japan, 2008 117

Household Effects of School Closure during Pandemic(H1N1) 2009, Pennsylvania, USA / T.L. Gift et al. 126

Table 1. Demographic variables of households affected by school closure during pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Pennsylvania, USA 126

Table 2. Predictors of households reporting days of work missed to watch children during school closure for pandemic(H1N1) 2009, Pennsylvania, USA 126