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Contents

Part Ⅰ. Making the case for opportunistic experiments 6

What are opportunistic experiments? 6

Opportunities for experimentation in education 7

Part Ⅱ. Recognizing potential opportunistic experiments 9

Step 1. Look for potential random assignment opportunities 10

Step 2. Consider whether the research opportunity aligns with the research agenda 10

Step 3. Assess the feasibility of the research project 10

Part Ⅲ. Conducting opportunistic experiments 17

Step 1. Identify sites 17

Step 2. Recruit participants 18

Step 3. Conduct random assignment and monitor compliance 18

Step 4. Collect data 20

Step 5. Analyze data and report findings 20

Implications: the low cost of doing opportunistic experiments-and the potentially high cost of not doing them 21

Appendix. Key questions to consider when recognizing and conducting opportunistic experiments 22

Part Ⅰ. Recognizing the potential for opportunistic experiments 22

Step 1. Look for potential random assignment opportunities 22

Step 2. Consider whether the research opportunity aligns with the research agenda 22

Step 3. Assess the feasibility of the research project 22

Part Ⅱ. Conducting opportunistic experiments 23

Step 1. Identify sites 23

Step 2. Recruit participants 23

Step 3. Conduct and monitor random assignment 24

Step 4. Collect data 24

Step 5. Analyze data and report findings 24

References 25

Figure 1. Theory of change for the Free Application for Federal Student Aid Completion Project 12

Boxes

Box 1. Close partnerships between researchers and district administrators 7

Box 2. Case study of a literacy intervention pilot in New York City 8

Box 3. Case study of a randomized rollout of the Free Application for Federal Student Aid Completion Project 8

Box 4. Case study of a lottery-based evaluation of Knowledge is Power Program charter schools 9

Box 5. Outcomes from state longitudinal data systems 14

Box 6. Exploring long-term outcomes 14

Box 7. Estimating the size of a research sample 16

Box 8. Small sample sizes can still provide useful information 16

Box 9. Encouraging participants to participate in research using random assignment 18

Box 10. Accommodating exclusions from random assignment 19

Box 11. Monitoring randomization in a lottery study 20