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Title page
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 8
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9
1. INTRODUCTION 11
1.1. PURPOSE 11
1.2. OVERVIEW OF STUDY 11
1.3. GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES 12
1.3.1. Conventional Hydrothermal Flash System 12
1.3.2. Conventional Hydrothermal Binary System 12
1.3.3. Enhanced Geothermal System 12
1.3.4. Geopressured Geothermal System 13
2. PART I: WATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT 14
2.1. INTRODUCTION 14
2.2. APPROACH AND METHODS 14
2.3. WATER CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES 14
2.4. GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS 16
2.5. SCENARIO DEFINITIONS 16
2.6. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 17
3. PART II: WATER USE IN GEOPRESSURED GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS 27
3.1. INTRODUCTION 27
3.2. PURPOSE 28
3.3. APPROACH AND METHODS 28
3.3.1. Life Cycle Analysis 28
3.3.2. Well Field Development 28
3.3.3. Pipeline Construction 31
3.3.4. Power Plant Construction 31
3.3.5. Operations 31
3.4. RESULTS OF THE LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS 32
3.4.1. Construction 32
3.4.2. Plant Operations and the Life Cycle 34
4. SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS 38
5. REFERENCES 39
APPENDIX A - GIS MAPS 43
APPENDIX B - WELL DESIGNS 56
APPENDIX C - SUMMARY OF WATER CONSUMPTION FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES 59
Table 1. Life-Cycle Water Consumption for Geothermal Systems 15
Table 2. Summary of Water Resource Assessment Scenarios 17
Table 3. Current Water Withdrawals for Electricity and Availability of Produced Water 26
Table 4. Parameters Evaluated in Geopressured Geothermal Scenario 29
Table 5. A Comparison of Class G and Class H Cement 30
Table 6. Material and Water Requirements for Concrete in Geopressured Geothermal Power Plant Construction 31
Table 7. Volume of Water Consumed During Geopressured Geothermal 3.6-MW Power Plant and Well Field Construction 33
Table 8. Typical Flow Rates for Four Geothermal Technologies 35
Table 9. Water Consumption Where Significant for Geothermal Power Generation at Indicated Life Cycle Stages - in gal/kWh of Lifetime Energy Output 36
Figure 1. Example GIS Map: Geothermal Water Demand, All Identified Hydrothermal Resources 18
Figure 2. Potential Geothermal Electricity Generation Capacity by Resource Type and State 19
Figure 3. Potential Geothermal Water Demand by Resource Type and State 19
Figure 4. Potential Geothermal Electricity Generation Capacity by LCOE 20
Figure 5. Potential Geothermal Water Demand by LCOE 20
Figure 6. Geothermal Generating Capacity Growth, NEMS-GPRA 2030, Base Cost Curve 21
Figure 7. Geothermal Generating Capacity Growth, NEMS-GPRA 2030, Target Cost Curve 22
Figure 8. NEMS-GPRA 2030, New Geothermal Generation Capacity by State 23
Figure 9. NEMS-GPRA 2030, New Geothermal Water Demand by State 23
Figure 10. NEMS-GPRA 2030, Growth in Electricity Generation and Water Demand from Geothermal as a Percent of Existing Total Electricity Generation and Water Consumption for Thermoelectric Generation by State 24
Figure 11. NEMS-GPRA 2030, Baseline Water Intensity vs. Incremental Water Intensity from New Geothermal Generation by State 25
Figure 12. Geopressured Geothermal Resources in the U.S. (DOE 2010) 27
Figure 13. Volume of Water Consumed in Drilling and Constructing Geopressured Geothermal Wells according to Depth of Injection Well (2, 2.5, and 3 km) and Production Well (4, 5, and 6 km), Based on Designs Used at Pleasant Bayou (Randolph et al. 1992) 33
Figure 14. Volume of Water Consumed in Drilling and Constructing a Geothermal Well. (Note that both EGS designs include well stimulation.) 34
Figure 15. Summary of Water Consumption for Electric Power Generation 37
Table B.1. Production Well Characteristics at the Considered Depths 57
Table B.2. Injection Well Characteristics for the Considered Depths 58
Table C.1. Water Consumption Where Significant for Geothermal Power Generation at Indicated Life Cycle Stages - in gal/kWh of Lifetime Energy Output 59
Figure A1. Identified Hydrothermal Resources 43
Figure A2. Unidentified Hydrothermal Resources 44
Figure A3. Near-field EGS Resources 45
Figure A4. Geothermal Resources with LCOE 〈 $0.05/kWh, Base Cost Curve 46
Figure A5. Geothermal Resources with LCOE 〈 $0.10/kWh, Base Cost Curve 47
Figure A6. Geothermal Resources with LCOE 〈 $0.15/kWh, Base Cost Curve 48
Figure A7. Geothermal Resources with LCOE 〈 $0.20/kWh, Base Cost Curve 49
Figure A8. Geothermal Resources with LCOE 〈 $0.05/kWh, Target Cost Curve 50
Figure A9. Geothermal Resources with LCOE 〈 $0.10/kWh, Target Cost Curve 51
Figure A10. Geothermal Resources with LCOE 〈 $0.15/kWh, Target Cost Curve 52
Figure A11. Geothermal Resources with LCOE 〈 $0.20/kWh, Target Cost Curve 53
Figure A12. Geothermal Generating Capacity Growth, NEMS-GPRA 2030, Base Cost Curve 54
Figure A13. Geothermal Generating Capacity Growth, NEMS-GPRA 2030, Target Cost Curve 55
Figure B.1. Design for Production Well 56
Figure B.2. Design for Injection Well 56
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