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Title page
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 6
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 8
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9
SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION 13
THE CONTEXT 13
MEETING THE HEATING ASPIRATIONS OF THE POOR 14
PAST MISPERCEPTIONS 15
SHIFTING THE PARADIGM 15
PURPOSE AND ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT 16
SECTION 2. APPLYING SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING AND INDUSTRIAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES TO SMALL-SCALE COAL COMBUSTION 17
HOW DOES RAW COAL BURN CONTROLLABLY? 17
KEY CONDITIONS FOR SMALL-SCALE COAL GASIFICATION 18
SECTION 3. FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE 21
SECTION 4. FIELD RESULTS FROM THE KYRGYZSTAN PILOT 23
SECTION 5. CONTEXTUALIZED DESIGN AND PRODUCTION 27
UNDERSTANDING A REGION'S UNIVERSE OF NEEDS 27
EMBODYING LOCAL CONTEXT 28
EMBEDDING TECHNOLOGY IN THE LOCAL ECONOMY 29
SECTION 6. EVOLUTION OF CROSSDRAFT COMBUSTOR HEATING STOVES 31
SECTION 7. CONCLUSION 35
WHAT HAS BEEN LEARNED 35
MOVING FORWARD 36
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 37
ANNEX A. EVOLUTION OF THE KG4 MODEL SPACING HEATING STOVE 38
ANNEX B. ARTISAN DRAWINGS OF THE KG4 MODEL 45
Table 4.1. Comparison of Selected Respiratory Symptoms before and after KG4 Model Installations 25
Table 4.2. Comparison of Selected Respiratory Symptoms before and after KG5 Model Installations 26
Figure 2.1. Fire Chamber and Fuel Hopper 20
Figure 3.1. Coke Bed below the Fire Chamber 21
Figure 3.2. High-Temperature Lining Options 21
Figure 4.1. Household in Osh District, Kyrgyzstan 23
Figure 4.2. Reduced Personal Exposure to PM2.5 after KG4 Installation, Osh and Jalalabad along the CASA Corridor 25
Figure 5.1. Elderly Lady and Her Stove 27
Figure 5.2. CNC Router Making a Cast-Iron Pattern for the Top Deck 29
Figure 6.1. Crossdraft Stove Model Highlights, 2016-18 32
Figure 6.2. Emissions Profile: Traditional Mongolian Coal-Fired Heating Stove, 2010 33
Figure 6.3. Emissions Profile: GTZ7.4 Crossdraft Combustor Heating Stove, 2010 33
Figure 6.4. Performance: KG4 Crossdraft Combustor Heating Stove, 2018 34
Boxes
Box ES.1. Comparing Traditional Mongolian Stove and KG4 Crossdraft Gasifier 10
Box 1.1. Comparing Traditional Mongolian Stove and KG4 Crossdraft Gasifier 14
Box 2.1. Clarification of Key Terms and Concepts 18
Box 4.1. Where There Is Fire, Is There Always Smoke? 24
Box 4.2. Elevating the Social Status of Low-Income Families 24
Box 5.1. Adapting the Tajik Heating Stove Model for Kyrgyzstan 28
Box 5.2. Local Context: A Practical Observation 29
Box Tables
Table BES.1.1. Performance Comparisons 10
Table B1.1.1. Performance Comparisons 14
Box Figures
Figure BES.1.1. Traditional Mongolian Heating Stove (left photo) and KG4 Crossdraft Gasifier (right photo) 10
Figure B1.1.1. Traditional Mongolian Heating Stove (left photo) and KG4 Crossdraft Gasifier (right photo) 14
Figure B4.1.1. Household in Uchbay Village, Osh/Nookat 24
Figure B4.2.1. KG4 Stove Top with Water Containers 24
Figure B5.2.1. Artisan Welder 29
Annex Figures
Figure A.1. Sunrise in Ulaanbaatar, December 2007 38
Figure A.2. G2-2000 39
Figure A.3. Downdraft Coal Burner 39
Figure A.4. J Stove Features 40
Figure A.5. Secondary Air Injection 40
Figure A.6. Downdraft Heating Stove 40
Figure A.7. GTZ7 First Prototype 40
Figure A.8. GTZ7.1 41
Figure A.9. GTZ7.1 Thermograph 41
Figure A.10. Cutaway Drawing of Crossdraft Combustion, 2011 41
Figure A.11. Reconceptualized Ger Stove 41
Figure A.12. TJ4 Prototype, Muminabad 42
Figure A.13. Two Views of the TJ4 Model: Cooking Surface (left photo) and Ash Drawer (right photo) 42
Figure A.14. TJ4 Performance Testing 43
Figure A.15. MN4.1 43
Figure A.16. MN4 Plastic Refractory Mixing (left photo) and Removing the Form (right photo) 43
Figure A.17. SA8.0 44
Figure A.18. KG4 in Poland 44
Figure A.19. KG4 in Russia 44
Figure B.1. Welded Steel Grate 46
Figure B.2. Cast-Iron Grate, Version 1.4, Part 1 46
Figure B.3. Cast-Iron Grate, Version 1.4, Part 2 with Links to STL File and Pattern Maker's STL File 47
Figure B.4. Flat Sheet Metal Top + Bent Sheet Metal Top 47
Figure B.5. Cast-Iron Bridge for 40 mm Side Bricks 48
Figure B.6. Bricks, 2D and 3D Views 48
Figure B.7. Side View of Installed Bricks 49
Figure B.8. Rotation of Hopper Cover to Clear Smoke or See Fuel Level 49
Figure B.9. Photos and Drawings Highlighting the KG4 Production Process 50
Annex Boxes
Box A.1. Dispelling the Myth of Smoke-Inherent Coal 39
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