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Title page

Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9

RECOMMENDATIONS 13

INTRODUCTION 14

THE SCIENTIFIC CASE 16

1. Neutron Scattering 17

1a. Solid State Physics Including Quantum Materials 17

1b. Soft Matter 27

1c. Biology 30

1d. Polarized Neutrons 33

1e. Synchrotron X-rays vs. Neutrons 35

2. Industrial Applications of Neutron Scattering 38

2a. Industrial Applications 38

2b. Industry-Related Consortia for Use of Neutrons 39

2c. Neutron Techniques with Potential Industrial Applications 40

2d. Barriers to Broad Industry Use of Neutrons 40

2e. Summary 41

3. Fundamental Physics at Reactors and Spallation Sources 42

4. Isotope Production 49

4a. Isotope Production at HFIR 49

4b. Heavy Element Chemistry 51

5. Materials Irradiation 54

5a. Materials Irradiation - General 54

5b. Fusion Materials Irradiation 56

HEU-LEU CONVERSION 59

Preservation of Reactor Capability with Low Enriched Uranium Fuel 60

Selection of U₃Si₂ for HFIR Application, and the Path to Conversion 61

Progress on High Flux Reactor Conversion since 2016 NAS and 2018 APS Studies 62

MAJOR U.S. NEUTRON FACILITIES: STATUS AND FUTURE PLANS 64

High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) 65

NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR) 68

SNS Present and Future 71

INTERNATIONAL NEUTRON FACILITIES 73

Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) 74

Forschungsreaktor Munchen II (FRM-II) 76

Jules Horowitz Research Reactor (JHR) 78

Belgian Reactor 2 (BR2) 79

CONCLUSIONS 80

REFERENCES AND NOTES 85

APPENDIX 1. OAK RIDGE PROPOSED STRATEGY FOR HFIR 91

APPENDIX 2. THE GLOBAL EFFORT TO CONVERT RESEARCH REACTORS TO LOW ENRICHED URANIUM FUELS 102

APPENDIX 3. HFIR, SNS, AND NIST USER DATA 110

Tables

Table 1c.1. Suite of Neutron Scattering Techniques for Probing Biological Materials 31

Table 5a.1. Irradiation Test Parameters in HFIR Experiment Positions 56

Figures

Figure 1a.1. High-field phase diagram of FeSe for field parallel to ab-plane. The possible FFLO state is shown in red 18

Figure 1a.2. Neutron Larmor diffraction can be used to accurately determine the temperature dependence of the lattice distortion of Ni-doped NaFeAs in the paramagnetic tetragonal phase 19

Figure 1a.3. Linewidths of transverse acoustic phonons along q = (ξ,ξ,0) in Pb 19

Figure 1a.4. Experimental (top, right panels) and calculated (top, left panels) neutron data for CrI3: the band gap at Dirac points along different cuts (bottom left) 20

Figure 1a.5. An image of the magnetic skyrmion lattice as seen by small angle neutron scattering. After forming a stable, triangular lattice of skyrmions, magnetic field can rearrange them into... 22

Figure 1a.6. The BIX-3 diffractometer, equipped with a neutron image plate, is dedicated to protein crystallography using a monochromatized neutron beam source (installed at the JAERI... 24

Figure 1a.7. Results from Refs. 69 and 70 using pulsed neutron diffraction from IPNS. These experiments were among the first to accurately determine the structure of YBa₂Cu₃O7 25

Figure 1a.8. Neutron elastic diffuse scattering intensity at an HRPP on a relaxor ferroelectric (from Ref. 73) 26

Figure 1a.9. The composition dependence of the Jahn-Teller polarons in CMR material, La₁-xSrxMnO₃ determined from pulsed neutron diffraction and the pair density function analysis from... 27

Figure 1c.1. Application space of scattering neutrons from biological materials. Applications at the intersections of basic science, materials research, and medicine are italicized 30

Figure 1d.1. Dipolar Spin-Ice State in Ho₂Ti₂O7 Haldane-like Effect in Spin-1 Pyrochlore? 34

Figure 1d.2. Wide Angle Polarization Analysis 35

Figure 1e.1. Real and momentum space lattices of several compounds. The circles surrounding zero momentum show the region of momentum space accessible to resonant inelastic X-ray... 36

Figure 3.1. Left: Fission process in a nuclear reactor. The fission products beta-decay to produce a flux of pure MeV electron antineutrinos emitted isotropically from the reactor. Right: Neutrino... 43

Figure 3.2. Left: Neutrinos are elementary particles with no charge in the Standard Model of Particle Physics. Right: The neutron is a composite particle consisting of 3 quarks held together... 44

Figure 4a.1. Cf-252 production from a 7 gram mixed curium target at different thermal neutron fluxes 50

Figure 4a.2. A comparison of W-188 production at HFIR to what can be achieved at other research/isotope production reactors 51

Figure 4b.1. Producing Trans-curium Heavy Isotopes 52

Figure 4b.2. Production of Es-254 at HFIR compared to the production that can be achieved with typical research and test reactors 53

Figure 4b.3. Isotope Production Quantities 53

Figure 5a.1. Es-254 Production from 7g Mixed Cm Target 54

Figure 5a.2. Target Basket and Example PTP Target 55

Figure 5a.3. HFIR MiniFuel Experiment System 56

Figure 5b.1. Complementarity of research reactors based on the power output. The MITR, HFIR, and ATR reactors shown above the arrow are used for neutron irradiations to study materials... 58

Figure HL.1. Timeline of the Global Reactor Conversions, 1978-2019 60

Figure HL.2. Three Group Neutron Flux Radial Profiles on Core Midplane 62

Figure US.1. HFIR Axial and Radial Cross-Sections 65

Figure US.2. Neutron Flux and Energy Across the HFIR 66

Figure US.3. HFIR Target Basket Locations 67

Figure US.4. NCNR Reactor Layout 69

Figure US.5. Neutron Beam Resources at NCNR 70

Figure US.6. The Instrumentation Layout at FTS, SNS 71

Figure US.7. Peak and time-averaged brightness of current (closed circles) and planned (open circles) neutron sources, illustrated at 5 Å. CSNS: China Spallation Neutron Source, China; ESS:... 72

Figure I.1. Floor Plan of the ILL 74

Figure I.2. Floor Plan of the FRM-II 77

Boxes

Box 1.1. Polymer Micelles 29

Box 1.2. Membrane-Associated Proteins 32

Box 1.3. Oxide Heterojunction Magnetism 37

Box 2.1. Exxon and Neutron Scattering 39

Box 3.1. High Flux Isotope Reactor - A Compact Source for Neutrino Science 43

Box 3.2. Precision Studies of Reactor Antineutrinos with PROSPECT 45

Box 3.3. Probing the Neutron Electric Dipole Moment and CP Symmetry 46

Box 3.4. First Observation of Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering of Neutrinos 47

Box Figures

Box 1.1. Polymer Micelles 29

Figure A. Time decay of scattered intensity from blends of deuterated and hydrogenated micelles 29

Box 1.3. Oxide Heterojunction Magnetism 37

Figure A. Schematic illustration of resonant X-ray diffraction from a thin film of LaNiO₃ that is only two layers thick. Frano et al. were able to demonstrate that these films order magnetically,... 37

Figure B. Resonant X-ray magnetic diffraction peak which demonstrates magnetic order in two-unit cell thick films of LaNiO₃ on LaAlO₃. Magnetism does not appear when the LaNiO₃ film... 37

Box 3.2. Precision Studies of Reactor Antineutrinos with PROSPECT 45

Figure A. Left: The PROSPECT detector inside its containment and shielding package inside HFIR next to the reactor wall. Right: Conceptual drawing of the PROSPECT detector with regards... 45

Figure B. Assembly of the segmented PROSPECT detector at the Yale Wright Laboratory prior to its shipment to ORNL/HFIR 45

Box 3.3. Probing the Neutron Electric Dipole Moment and CP Symmetry 46

Figure A. Parity (P) and time-reversal (T) violation due to an electric dipole moment 46

Figure B. Left: First measurement of the neutron electric dipole moment at the Oak Ridge Reactor in 1950. Right: Conceptual drawing of the planned nEDM experiment 46

Box 3.4. First Observation of Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering of Neutrinos 47

Figure A. Left: Coherent scattering process of neutrinos off nuclei. Right: Assembly of the CsI[Na] detector at the SNS. The CsI[Na] detector is the world's smallest working neutrino detector... 47

Appendix Tables

Table A1.1. High-flux Research Reactors Currently In Use 91

Table A1.2. HFIR Experiments, Unique Users, and Journal Articles (2017) 93

Table A1.3. Medical, Industrial, and Research Use of Selected HFIR Isotopes 95

Table A2.1. High Flux Reactors Converted to LEU 1979-2019 (i.e., peak thermal flux 〉 E14 n/cm2/s) 103

Table A2.2. Uranium Density of Research Reactor Fuels Qualified and Under Qualification 104

Appendix Figures

Figure A1.1. Photo and schematic of the HFIR core, showing the flux trap (yellow), fuel region (gray), and reflector (purple and green) 92

Figure A1.2. ORNL's High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) campus including the Radiochemical Engineering Development Center (REDC) 93

Figure A1.3. Source brightness for thermal and cold neutron scattering at HFIR and ILL 94

Figure A1.4. Original Installation of the HFIR Pressure Vessel The HFIR building and pool were designed to support pressure vessel replacement 96

Figure A1.5. Early HB-2 Guide Hall Concept 97

Figure A1.6. The Upgraded HFIR Will Provide World-leading Time-averaged Brightness for Both Cold and Thermal Neutrons 100

Figure A2.1. Geography of the Global Reactor Conversions, 1978-2019 102

Figure A2.2. The Concepts of Dispersion and Monolithic Fuel Plates 105

Figure A3.1. HFIR Facility GU Days Requested and Days Delivered 110

Figure A3.2. NIST Beamtime Between January 2015-January 2020 110

Figure A3.3. 32% of HFIR Proposals Rated ≥3 Are Not Awarded Beamtime 111

Figure A3.4. Oversubscription Rate Over Time 111

Figure A3.5. Number of SNS and HFIR Users by Fiscal Year 112

Figure A3.6. HFIR Subscription Rate by Field Over Recent 5-Year Period 112

Figure A3.7. HFIR Instrument General User Proposal Metrics 113

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