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Title page

Contents

Executive Summary 4

Introduction 10

Importance of Measuring Oral Reading Fluency 11

Purpose of the 2018 NAEP ORF Study 12

Definition of Oral Reading Fluency 12

Method 14

Measures 14

Description of the Tasks 15

Study Sample and Administration of the Tasks 15

Scoring 17

Results 20

Average Oral Reading Fluency Performance and Foundational Skills 20

Average Oral Reading Fluency Performance by Demographic Subgroups: Passage Reading WCPM 20

Average Oral Reading Fluency Performance by NAEP Reading Achievement Levels: Passage Reading WCPM 25

Description of achievement levels 25

Percent distribution by NAEP reading achievement levels and selected student characteristics 26

Percent distribution by below NAEP Basic subgroup and selected student characteristics 27

Passage reading WCPM by NAEP achievement level and selected student characteristics 28

Oral Reading Fluency Performance and Foundational Skills by below NAEP Basic Subgroups 30

Estimated Number of Fourth-Grade Students Performing below NAEP Basic and in the below NAEP Basic Low Subgroup by Race/Ethnicity 39

Profile of America's Fourth-Graders Performing below NAEP Basic Low 40

Discussion 42

Passage Reading and Performance Levels 42

Passage reading: Words correct per minute (WCPM) 42

Passage reading: Rate and accuracy 42

Passage reading: Expression 43

Word-Level Reading, Performance Levels, and Race/Ethnicity 43

Limitations 45

Conclusion and Implications 46

Conclusion 46

Implications 46

The NAEP reading framework and future assessments 46

Policy and research 47

References 48

Appendix A: Technical Notes 51

Task Development Framework 51

Framework for word lists 51

Framework for pseudoword lists 51

Sampling 52

Demographic characteristics of the 2018 NAEP ORF sample 52

Treatment of missing data 53

Scaling of NAEP Reading Assessment 54

Weighting and Variance Estimation 55

Statistical Testing Procedures 55

Scoring of Passage Variables 56

Constructing below NAEP Basic Subgroups 57

Appendix B: Sample Oral Reading Passage 58

Appendix C: Estimates and Standard Errors for Tables and Figures 60

Tables

Table 1. Average oral reading performance of U.S. fourth-graders: 2018 20

Table 2. Percentage of fourth-graders by NAEP achievement level and selected student characteristics: 2018 27

Table 3. Percentage of fourth-graders performing below NAEP Basic by below NAEP Basic subgroup and selected student characteristics: 2018 28

Table 4. Average passage reading words correct per minute by NAEP reading achievement level and selected student characteristics: 2018 29

Table 5. Estimated number of fourth-grade public school students below NAEP Basic Low: 2018 39

Figures

Figure 1. NAEP Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) study assessment administration procedure: 2018 16

Figure 2. NAEP Oral Reading Fluency passage reading expression rubric: 2018 19

Figure 3. Average passage reading WCPM by gender: 2018 21

Figure 4. Average passage reading WCPM by race/ethnicity: 2018 22

Figure 5. Average passage reading WCPM by National School Lunch Program (NSLP) eligibility status: 2018 23

Figure 6. Average passage reading WCPM by English language learner (ELL) status: 2018 24

Figure 7. Average passage reading WCPM by students with disabilities status: 2018 25

Figure 8. NAEP grade 4 reading achievement-level descriptions 26

Figure 9. Average passage reading WCPM by NAEP reading achievement level and below NAEP Basic subgroup: 2018 31

Figure 10. Average passage reading rate by NAEP reading achievement level and below NAEP Basic subgroup: 2018 32

Figure 11. Average passage reading accuracy by NAEP reading achievement level and below NAEP Basic subgroup: 2018 34

Figure 12. Average passage reading expression by NAEP reading achievement level and below NAEP Basic subgroup: 2018 35

Figure 13. Average word reading WCPM by NAEP reading achievement level and below NAEP Basic subgroup: 2018 37

Figure 14. Average pseudoword reading WCPM by NAEP reading achievement level and below NAEP Basic subgroup: 2018 38

Figure 15. Oral reading and foundational skill characteristics of fourth-graders performing at the below NAEP Basic Low level: 2018 41

Appendix Tables

Table A-1. NAEP Oral Reading Fluency study participant sample size and response rate: 2018 52

Table A-2. Weighted percentage distribution of key subgroups: 2018 NAEP Oral Reading Fluency study sample 53

Table A-3. Interrater reliability for passage scoring: 2018 57

Table A-4. Interrater reliability for passage scoring: 2018 57

Table B-1. Average oral reading performance for the "Guide Dogs" passage: 2018 59

Table C-1. Estimates and standard errors for figure 3. Average oral reading performance of U.S. fourth-graders by gender: 2018 60

Table C-2. Estimates and standard errors for figure 3. Average oral reading performance of U.S. fourth-graders by gender: 2018 60

Table C-3. Estimates and standard errors for figure 3. Average oral reading performance of U.S. fourth-graders by gender: 2018 61

Table C-4. Estimates and standard errors for figure 5. Average oral reading performance of U.S. fourth-graders by National School Lunch Program (NSLP) eligibility status: 2018 62

Table C-5. Estimates and standard errors for figure 6. Average oral reading performance of U.S. fourth-graders by English Language Learner (ELL) status: 2018 62

Table C-6. Estimates and standard errors for figure 7. Average oral reading performance of U.S. fourth-graders by students with disabilities status: 2018 63

Table C-7. Estimates and standard errors for table 2. Percentage of fourth-graders by NAEP achievement level and by selected student characteristics: 2018 63

Table C-8. Estimates and standard errors for table 3. Percentage of fourth-graders performing below NAEP Basic by below NAEP Basic subgroup and selected student characteristics: 2018 64

Table C-9. Estimates and standard errors for table 4 and figures 9-14. Average oral reading performance by NAEP reading achievement level: 2018 65

Table C-10. Estimates and standard errors for average oral reading performance by NAEP achievement level and gender: 2018 66

Table C-11. Estimates and standard errors for table 4: Average oral reading performance by NAEP achievement level and race/ethnicity: 2018 67

Table C-12. Estimates and standard errors for table 4: Average oral reading performance by NAEP achievement level and National School Lunch Program (NSLP) eligibility status: 2018 68

Table C-13. Estimates and standard errors for average oral reading performance by NAEP achievement level and English Language Learner (ELL) Status: 2018 69

Table C-14. Estimates and standard errors for average oral reading performance by NAEP achievement level and students with disabilities status: 2018 70

Table C-15. Estimates and standard errors for figures 9-14. Average oral reading performance by below NAEP Basic subgroups: 2018 71

Table C-16. Estimates and standard errors for average oral reading performance by below NAEP Basic subgroups and gender: 2018 72

Table C-17. Estimates and standard errors for average oral reading performance by below NAEP Basic subgroups and race/ethnicity: 2018 73

Table C-18. Estimates and standard errors for average oral reading performance by below NAEP Basic subgroups and National School Lunch Program (NSLP) eligibility status: 2018 74

Table C-19. Estimates and standard errors for average oral reading performance by below NAEP Basic subgroups and English Language Learner (ELL) status: 2018 75

Table C-20. Estimates and standard errors for average oral reading performance by below NAEP Basic subgroups and students with disabilities status: 2018 76

Appendix Figures

Figure B-1. Sample oral reading passage: 2018 58

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