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Contents

INTRODUCTION 1

A HISTORICAL LOOK AT LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN THE UNITED STATES 2

TRENDS IN ENGLISH ABILITY 4

LANGUAGES SPOKEN 6

ENGLISH-SPEAKING ABILITY 7

HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS BY HOUSEHOLD LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE SPOKEN OVER GENERATIONS 9

LANGUAGE SPOKEN BY SELECTED SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 13

ENGLISH ABILITY BY SELECTED SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 16

LANGUAGE CONCENTRATIONS BY STATE 18

LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN METROPOLITAN AREAS 20

SUMMARY 24

SOURCE OF THE DATA 24

ACCURACY OF THE ESTIMATES 25

MORE INFORMATION 25

APPENDIX A. LANGUAGE QUESTIONS USED IN DECENNIAL CENSUSES 26

APPENDIX B 27

APPENDIX C 29

Table 1. Languages Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over: 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2019 3

Table 2. Detailed Languages Spoken at Home by English-Speaking Ability for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2019 8

Table 3. Household Language and Limited English-Speaking Status by Household Characteristics: 2019 10

Table 4a. Languages Spoken at Home by Selected Demographic and Social Characteristics for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2019 14

Table 4b. Languages Spoken at Home by Selected Demographic and Social Characteristics for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2019 15

Table 5. Languages Spoken at Home by English-Speaking Ability and Selected Demographic and Social Characteristics for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2019 17

Table 6. Distribution of Speakers of Non-English Languages for the 50 Most Populous Metropolitan Areas: 2019 21

Figure 1. Reproduction of the Questions on Language From the 2019 American Community Survey 1

Figure 2. Percentage of the Population 5 Years and Over Who Spoke a Language Other Than English and Percentage Who Spoke English Less Than "Very Well":... 5

Figure 3. Percentage of Households With Limited English Speakers by Household Language: 2019 9

Figure 4. Percentage of Children Aged 5 to 17 Who Spoke the Household's Non-English Language by Household Language: 2019 11

Figure 5. Trajectory of Children's English-Learning Ability by Nativity, Age of Entry, and Time in the United States 12

Figure 6. Percentage of Population 5 Years and Over Who Spoke a Language Other Than English at Home: 2019 18

Figure 7. Percent Change in Population 5 Years and Over Who Spoke a Language Other Than English at Home: 2010-2019 19

Appendix Table B-1. Percentage of People 5 Years and Over Who Spoke a Language Other Than English at Home by State: 2019 27

Appendix Table B-2. Percent Change in the Population 5 Years and Over Who Spoke a Language Other Than English at Home by State: 2010-2019 28

Appendix Table C-1. Margins of Error for Table 1: Languages Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over: 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2019 29

Appendix Table C-2. Margins of Error for Table 2: Detailed Languages Spoken at Home by English-Speaking Ability for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2019 30

Appendix Table C-3. Margins of Error for Table 3: Household Language and Limited English-Speaking Status by Household Characteristics: 2019 31

Appendix Table C-4a. Margins of Error for Table 4a: Languages Spoken at Home by Selected Demographic and Social Characteristics for the Population 5 Years... 32

Appendix Table C-4b. Margins of Error for Table 4b: Languages Spoken at Home by Selected Demographic and Social Characteristics for the Population 5 Years... 33

Appendix Table C-5. Margins of Error for Table 5: Languages Spoken at Home by English-Speaking Ability and Selected Demographic and Social Characteristics... 34

Appendix Table C-6. Margins of Error for Table 6: The Distribution of Speakers of Non-English Languages for the 50 Most Populous Metropolitan Areas: 2019 35