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Title page

Contents

Acknowledgements 4

Abstract 4

1. Introduction 7

2. Overview of child participation research 9

2.1. Recognising child and student agency 10

2.2. What do children think? 11

2.3. Children's participation rights 12

2.4. Who benefits from child participation? 14

2.5. Models of child participation 16

2.6. In sum 23

3. How and where can children participate in public life? 24

3.1. Participation in governance and public life 24

3.2. Participation and empowerment in the digital environment 27

3.3. Child participation in research 31

4. Child participation examples from OECD education systems 33

4.1. Student councils 34

4.2. Student-led initiatives 40

4.3. Whole-school approaches (WSA) 42

4.4. Participatory budgeting 45

4.5. Co-constructing the classroom 48

4.6. Drivers and barriers of participatory approaches in education 53

4.7. In sum 54

5. A case study of child participation in policy and practice: Ireland 54

5.1. Embedded in the law 55

5.2. Policy supports 56

5.3. National strategy on child participation 58

6. Paving the way forward for child participation in decision making 59

6.1. Key considerations for children's participation in decision making 59

6.2. In sum 65

References 65

Tables

Table 1. Participation rights in the UNCRC 12

Table 2. Models of child participation 17

Table 3. The Four Steps of the Curriculum Negotiating Process 49

Table 4. The five key themes of CMCD, their objectives and strategies 50

Table 5. Legal Supports for Child Participation 55

Figures

Figure 1. Young population (under age 15) in OECD countries 8

Figure 2. Sun model of Co-Agency 20

Boxes

Box 1. Giving students choice about the subjects they study 11

Box 2. Ombudsperson offices for children in OECD countries 14

Box 3. The value of youth perspectives on digital technologies 15

Box 4. From non-participation to genuine participation 18

Box 5. Is tokenism a dirty word? 23

Box 6. Ensuring participation in Youth Councils is inclusive 27

Box 7. Ladders of participation in the digital environment 29

Box 8. What's in a definition? The case of cyberbullying 33

Box 9. Who has a say at school? 34

Box 10. School councils in Northern Ireland (United Kingdom) 35

Box 11. Student council structure 37

Box 12. European co-operation of school student unions: A spotlight on OBESSU 40

Box 13. Ombudsman for Children Office 56

Box 14. Developing an action plan on bullying with students and for students 57

Box 15. Mind the gap: Making participation inclusive 61