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정보검색

소장정보 검색

국회도서관 홈으로 정보검색 소장정보 검색
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Title page

Contents

Abstract 4

Resume 5

Acknowledgements 6

Executive Summary 9

1. Introduction 11

2. Evidence of the benefits of EPR 13

3. Case Studies of EPR for new product groups 15

3.1. Plastic products (beyond packaging) 16

3.1.1. Tobacco product filters 16

3.1.2. Commercial fishing gear and equipment 19

3.1.3. Miscellaneous plastic products (beyond packaging) 22

3.2. Textiles (garments, carpets, and mattresses) 23

3.2.1. Background on the product sector and end-of-life issues 23

3.2.2. Examples of EPR for textiles 26

3.2.3. Benefits and considerations of EPR implementation 27

3.3. Construction sector 30

3.3.1. Background on the product sector and end-of-life issues 30

3.3.2. Examples of EPR for the construction sector 30

3.3.3. Benefits and considerations of EPR implementation 32

3.4. Food loss and waste (Cooking oils, and commercial food producers) 34

3.4.1. Background on the product sector and end-of-life issues 34

3.4.2. Examples of EPR for food waste 35

3.4.3. Benefits and considerations of EPR implementation 36

3.5. Early lessons from product sector case studies 38

4. Case studies of EPR to address impacts throughout the lifecycle 39

4.1. Cost recovery of mitigation efforts: littering, pollution and clean-up costs 40

4.1.1. Littering 40

4.1.2. End-of-pipe capture of micropollutants: synthetic microfibres and tyres 42

4.2. Incentivising design for the environment: favourable product characteristics 44

4.2.1. Recycled content in products 44

4.2.2. Lifespan extension: Design for durability, reparability, and re-use 45

4.3. Extended geographic scope of EPR 46

5. Considerations for new applications of EPR 49

5.1. Early evaluation of EPR in the case studies 49

5.1.1. Opportunities 49

5.1.2. Challenges and considerations 50

5.2. EPR in a policy mix with alternative and complementary policy approaches 52

5.2.1. General Treasury provision of collection and processing services 52

5.2.2. Incentives (taxes) to incentivise behaviour change by consumers 53

5.2.3. Product design regulations to ensure design for environment 54

6. Conclusion 55

7. Works Cited 57

Tables

Table 3.1. Examples of EPR for tobacco product filters 18

Table 3.2. Examples of EPR for fishing gear 20

Table 3.3. Examples of EPR for miscellaneous plastics product (beyond packaging) 23

Table 3.4. Examples of EPR for textiles 27

Table 3.5. Examples EPR schemes for C&DW and building material 31

Table 3.6. Examples of EPR for cooking oils 35

Table 3.7. Requirements of commercial food waste 35

Table 4.1. Examples of EPR covering littering 41

Table 4.2. Examples of EPR fee modulation according to recycled content criteria 44

Table 4.3. Examples of EPR fee modulation according to lifespan extension 45

Table 4.4. Examples of extended geographic scope of EPR 48

Figures

Figure 1.1. EPR policy instruments 11

Figure 3.1. EPR is widely used in several waste streams 15

Figure 3.2. Street cleanliness and littering scores are improving in San Francisco 19

Figure 3.3. End-of-life gear outcomes estimated by Fisheries Iceland in 2016 22

Figure 3.4. Rates of separate collection of clothing and household textiles vary by market 24

Figure 3.5. Fate of textiles in select countries 25

Figure 3.6. The recycling rate of carpets in California has grown over the life of its EPR programme 29

Figure 3.7. Fee collection by building material EPR schemes 32

Figure 3.8. Comparison of programme expenses and collection rates in US paintcare states 33

Figure 3.9. Edible oil collection in Spain by sector 37

Figure 4.1. Possible objectives of EPR to reduce environmental impacts throughout a product's lifecycle 39

Figure 4.2. Overview of synthetic microfibre and tyre particle pollution entry points and mitigation opportunities 43

Figure 4.3. OECD exports of worn textiles by destination type 47

Boxes

Box 2.1. Fee modulation in EPR differentiates cost by differences in products 14

Box 3.1. "Fast fashion" has resulted in more waste of garments 23

Box 4.1. Expansion of littering into the Packaging EPR in the United Kingdom 41

Box 5.1. California's (United States) organic waste disposal reduction programme 53

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