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Title page

Contents

Abstract 3

1. Introduction 4

2. Related literature 7

3. Hypotheses Development 8

3.1. Neoclassical Economics 9

3.2. Identity Economics 9

4. Methods, Data, and Measurement 11

4.1. Regression Analysis 11

4.2. Data Collection 11

4.3. Additional LISS Data 12

4.4. Measuring Work Orientations 12

4.5. Measuring Quit Intentions, Job Search, Effort, and Quiet Quitting Attitudes 15

4.6. Respondent Characteristics and Control Variables 18

5. Results 24

5.1. Main results 24

5.2. Heterogeneity 27

5.3. How Important are Work Orientations? 30

6. Robustness Checks 35

6.1. Controlling for Personality Traits 35

6.2. Common Method Variance 37

6.3. Do Respondents Really Have One Predominant Work Orientation? 39

6.4. Vignette Measures of Work Orientations 46

7. Discussion and Conclusion 47

APPENDIX A: English questionnaire (Translated from Dutch, see Appendix B) 50

APPENDIX B: Dutch questionnaire 55

Appendix C 60

References 64

Tables

Table 1. Factor Loadings (pattern coefficients) of the work orientation items 13

Table 2. Correlation matrix, work orientations indices 14

Table 3. Summary statistics, analysis sample 19

Table 4. The determinants of being classified as having a distinct job, career, or calling orientation 22

Table 5. The relationship between work orientations and quit intentions, effort, and quiet quitting 26

Table 6. The relationship between work orientations and quit intentions, effort, and quiet quitting, by age groups and gender 28

Table 7. The relationship between work orientations and quit intentions, effort, and quiet quitting, controlling for job satisfaction and work meaningfulness 31

Table 8. Relative Contribution of Explanatory Variables to Overall Variation in All Dependent Variables (Percent Contribution to R²) 33

Table 9. Relative Contribution of Explanatory Variables to Overall Variation in All Dependent Variables (Percent Contribution to R²) 34

Table 10. Correlation matrix, work orientations and personality traits 36

Table 11. The relationship between work orientations and quit intentions, effort, and quiet quitting, with Big-5 controls 38

Table 12. Summary statistics for each work orientation index, by work orientation category 39

Table 13. The relationship between the continuous work orientations indices and quit intentions, effort, and quiet quitting 40

Table 14. The relationship between work orientation items and quit intentions, effort, and quiet quitting 43

Table 15. Correlation between work orientation categories, items, and vignettes 47

Figures

Figure 1. Histograms of job, career, and calling orientations 14

Figure 2. Histogram of the self-reported effort that respondents put in their main paid job 16

Figure 3. Histograms of responses related to quiet quitting questions 17

Appendix Tables

Table C1. The determinants of work orientations based on vignettes 60

Table C2. The relationship between work orientations and quit intentions, effort, and quiet quitting, based on vignette measures 62

Table C3. The relationship between work orientations and quit intentions, effort, and quiet quitting, based on vignette measures 63