Figure 1.1. Total fertility rate (live births per woman) and mean age at childbearing in the UNECE region, 1994-2023 43

Figure 1.2. Life expectancy at birth, UNECE region, 1994-2023 45

Figure 1.3. Population pyramids, UNECE and Central Asia, 1994, 2023 and 2050 47

Figure 1.4. Net number of migrants (thousands), UNECE region, 1994-2023 49

Figure 1.5. Participation rate in organized learning one year before the official primary school entry age, 2020 (SDG Indicator 4.2.2) 55

Figure 1.6. Upper secondary completion rate, UNECE median, 2000-2020 (SDG Indicator 4.1.2) 56

Figure 1.7. Average PISA science performance score, UNECE median, 2018 57

Figure 1.8. Share of older persons in training or education, UNECE median, 2015 and 2022, by age group and gender 58

Figure 1.9. Proportion of youth and adults finding, downloading, installing and configuring software in the previous 3 months, UNECE median, 2021 60

Figure 1.10. Share of the population aged 55 to 74 using the Internet weekly, median for UNECE, the European Union (EU), and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus... 61

Figure 1.11. Share of men and women in the UNECE region using the Internet weekly by age group, UNECE median, 2015 and 2021 62

Figure 1.12. UHC service coverage index, 2000-2021, UNECE average (SDG Indicator 3.8.1) 64

Figure 1.13. Share of households with expenditures on health greater than 10 per cent of total household income or expenditure, UNECE median and select... 65

Figure 1.14. Age-standardized premature mortality rate from cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease (from 30 to under 70 years,... 69

Figure 1.15. Age-standardized overall premature mortality rate (from 30 to under 70 years, per 100,000 population) from cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes... 71

Figure 1.16. Age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco use among people aged 15 years and older, UNECE median, 2000-2020 (SDG Indicator 3.a.1) 73

Figure 1.17. Suicide mortality rate (deaths per 100,00 population), UNECE average, 2000-2020 (SDG Indicator 3.4.2) 76

Figure 1.18. Suicide mortality rate (deaths per 100,000 population), by age group and gender, UNECE average, 2020 77

Figure 1.19. Labour force participation rate by age group and gender, UNECE median, 2000-2022 81

Figure 1.20. Average effective labour market exit age in years, UNECE median, by gender (2000-2020) 82

Figure 1.21. Unemployment rate by age group and gender, UNECE median, 2022 (SDG Indicator 8.5.2) 84

Figure 1.22. Unemployment rate by disability status, 2021 (SDG Indicator 8.5.2) 85

Figure 1.23. Proportion of youth aged 15-24 years not in education, employment or training, UNECE median, 2000-2021 (SDG Indicator 8.6.1) 86

Figure 1.24. Carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP at purchasing power parity (kilograms of CO₂ per constant 2017 United States dollars), UNECE average,... 89

Figure 1.25. Carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP at purchasing power parity (kilograms of CO₂ per constant 2017 United States dollars), 2015 and 2020... 90

Figure 2.1. Share of women aged 15-49 making their own decisions regarding their sexual and reproductive health and rights, select countries (SDG Indicator 5.6.1) 99

Figure 2.2. Percentage of women aged 15-49 making their own decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use and reproductive health care,... 100

Figure 2.3. Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access for women and men aged 15 and older to sexual and... 105

Figure 2.4. Share of married or in-union women aged 15-49 with an unmet need for any modern method of family planning, 2015 and 2023 107

Figure 2.5. Contraceptive prevalence among married or in-union women aged 15-49, by modern or traditional method, 2023 109

Figure 2.6. Adolescent birth rate (per 1,000 women aged 15-19), UNECE average, 2000-2020 (SDG Indicator 3.7.2) 112

Figure 2.7. Adolescent birth rate (per 1,000 women aged 15-19), 2015 and 2020 113

Figure 2.8. Adolescent birth rate (per 1,000 women aged 15-19), Roma population and total population, select countries, 2018/2019 114

Figure 2.9. Induced abortions per 1,000 live births, 2010 and 2019 118

Figure 2.10. Induced abortions per 1,000 live births for women under age 20, 2010 and 2019 120

Figure 2.11. Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births, UNECE average, 2000-2020 (SDG Indicator 3.1.1) 122

Figure 2.12. Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births, 2015 and 2020 (SDG Indicator 3.1.1) 123

Figure 2.13. Neonatal mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), UNECE average, 2000-2021 (SDG Indicator 3.2.2) 125

Figure 2.14. Neonatal mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 2015 and 2021 (SDG Indicator 3.2.2) 127

Figure 2.15. Number of new HIV infections, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 2000-2022 132

Figure 2.16. Estimated ART coverage among people living with HIV, 2010 and 2021/2022 134

Figure 3.1. Women in parliaments (SDG Indicator 5.5.1) and managerial positions (SDG Indicator 5.5.2), UNECE median, 2000-2022/2023 147

Figure 3.2. Labour force participation rate by gender, 2022 150

Figure 3.3. Gender pay gap as percentage difference in average monthly earnings, UNECE median, 2000-2020 151

Figure 3.4. Gender pay gap as difference in monthly earnings, select countries, 2015 and 2020 152

Figure 3.5. Total paid maternity and parental leave available to mothers in weeks, 2015 and April 2022 155

Figure 3.6. Total paid paternity and parental leave reserved for fathers, 2015 and April 2022 157

Figure 3.7. Share of children aged 0-2 years enrolled in early childhood education or care services, 2015 and 2020 159

Figure 3.8. Select working patterns of heterosexual couples aged 25-49 whose youngest child is under the age of 6, UNECE median, 2000-2020 161

Figure 3.9. Share of heterosexual couples aged 25-49 with both partners working full-time, by age group of youngest child, 2019 162

Figure 3.10. Time spent on unpaid care and domestic work, male to female ratio, select countries and years (SDG Indicator 5.4.1) 163

Figure 3.11. Share of women and men in paid work who find it difficult to fulfil family responsibilities because of the amount of time spent on work, select countries 164

Figure 3.12. Share of women and men who indicated their mental health and work situation worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic, select countries 165

Figure 3.13. Share of the population aged 18 and older who agree it is sometimes or always justifiable for a man to beat his wife, select countries,... 169

Figure 3.14. Share of the population aged 18 and older who agree it is sometimes or always justifiable for a man to beat his wife, by age, select countries, 2017-2022 170

Figure 3.15. Share of women aged 20-24 who were married or in a union before the age of 18, select countries, 2015-2022 (latest year available) (SDG Indicator 5.3.1) 173

Figure 3.16. Share of Roma women and all women aged 20-24 who were married or in a union before the age of 18, select countries, 2018/2019 174

Figure 3.17. Proportion of the population living below the national poverty line, 2020 and 2015 (when available) (SDG Indicator 1.2.1) 177

Figure 3.18. Share of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion, select countries, 2015 and 2022 179

Figure 3.19. Share of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion by age group and gender, UNECE median, 2022 180

Figure 3.20. Parity indices for achieving a minimum level of proficiency in reading and math, lower secondary students, the ratio of immigrant students to native-born... 182

Figure 3.21. Whether or not legal frameworks are in place to promote, enforce and monitor equality and non-discrimination on the basis of sex, percentage of achievement,... 186

Figure 3.22. Percentage of the population having felt discriminated against or harassed in the previous 12 months, by disability status, 2014-2019... 188

Figure 3.23. Percentage of the population aged 18+ indicating that they would not like to have members of various groups as neighbours, UNECE median, 2000-2020 189

Figure 3.24. Detected victims of human trafficking per 100,000 population by age group and sex, UNECE average, 2007-2021 194