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Title page

Contents

Abstract 3

1. Introduction 4

2. Institutional Background 9

3. Data 11

4. Empirical Strategy 16

5. Results 19

5.1. Main Results: Effects on Educational Attainment and College Majors 19

5.2. Validity Checks 22

6. Complier Characterization and Heterogeneity 25

6.1. Complier Analysis 25

6.2. Heterogeneity 26

7. Effects on Employment and Earnings 28

8. Robustness 30

9. Conclusion 31

References 35

A. Appendix 54

Tables

Table 1. Distribution of High-Quality Computer Science Course-Taking in Analytic Sample 46

Table 2. Summary Statistics 47

Table 3. HQ CS Effects on Educational Attainment 48

Table 4. HQ CS Effects on CS Majors 49

Table 5. HQ CS Course-Taking Effects on Other Majors 50

Table 6. Characterizing Compliers with First-Stage Coefficients 51

Table 7. Heterogeneity Analysis for CS Majors 52

Table 8. HQ CS Effects on Employment and Log Earnings 53

Figures

Figure 1: Trends in Maryland High Schools and Districts Offering Computer Science 40

Figure 2. Distribution of Number and Types of HQ CS Courses Taken 41

Figure 3. Trends in Maryland High School Student HQ CS Exposure and Course-Taking 42

Figure 4. Exposure Timeline for School First Offering HQ CS in 2015 43

Figure 5. Event Study Estimates of HQ CS Exposure Impacts on HQ CS Course-Taking and CS Majors 44

Figure 6. Distribution of HQ CS Course Types by Mathematics Quartiles 45

Appendix Tables

Table A1. Any CS Courses Offered in Maryland High Schools 57

Table A2. Descriptive Statistics on Non-Missing Majors 60

Table A3. Analytic Sample Cohorts and Observed Outcomes 61

Table A4. Sample Restrictions 62

Table A5. Balance Tests Between High Schools Offering and Not Offering HQ CS 63

Table A6. Balance Tests Between Unexposed and Unexpectedly Exposed Students 64

Table A7. Balance Tests Between High Schools that Adopt HQ CS Early and Late 65

Table A8. Balance Tests for Changes in Observable Characteristics 66

Table A9. Distribution of the Number of HQ CS Courses Taken by Subgroup 67

Table A10. Characterizing Compliers with Summary Statistics 68

Table A11. Heterogeneity Analysis of HQ CS Exposure Effects on CS Majors 69

Table A12. HQ CS Effects on Other Earnings Measures 70

Table A13. HQ CS Effects on Log Earnings at Ages 19-22 71

Table A14. HQ CS Effects on Earnings Measures with Imputations 72

Table A15. HQ CS Effects on CS Majors with Different Sample Restrictions 73

Table A16. HQ CS Effects on Out-of-State and Private College Enrollment 74

Appendix Figures

Figure A1. HQ CS Exposure Impacts on HQ CS Course-Taking and CS Majors with Demographic Controls 54

Figure A2. HQ CS Exposure Impacts on HQ CS Course-Taking and CS Majors Excluding Never-Treated 55

Figure A3. Event Study Estimates of HQ CS Exposure Impacts on Log Earnings 56

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