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국회도서관 홈으로 정보검색 소장정보 검색
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Title page

Contents

Overview of the Public Finance Review 2

Fiscal framework and debt management: mind the gaps 3

Quasi-fiscal activities: can they be managed? 5

Revenue policies: underwhelming and unprogressive 6

Public spending on education: more efficiency and enhanced equity 10

Spending on social protection: better design and targeting 13

Budgeting, planning, and monitoring system: focus on performance, not compliance 15

Transparency of public finances: making budget documentation more useful 16

Inter-governmental fiscal relationship: complicated transfers formula 17

Areas for Reforms 19

Tables

Table 1. SA programs: benefits overlap, 2021 15

Figures

Figure 1. Percentage changes in primary spending in good times and bad times across years (2007-2021) 3

Figure 2. Fiscal spending multiplier on non-oil GDP 3

Figure 3. Gross quasi-fiscal activities by large SOEs and key extrabudgetary funds as a percentage of GDP 6

Figure 4. Total bank bailout net cost for 2009-2020 in KZT trillion 2020 present value 6

Figure 5. Revenue collection and total public expenditures (% of GDP), 2005-2021 7

Figure 6. Tax revenue in international comparison (% of GDP) 7

Figure 7. VAT collection in regional comparison (% of GDP) 8

Figure 8. VAT productivity and C-efficiency comparison, 2019 8

Figure 9. PIT collection in regional comparison (% GDP) 9

Figure 10. PIT productivity ratio, 2019 9

Figure 11. Progressivity of direct taxes in selected countries 10

Figure 12. Government spending on education as a percentage of GDP 11

Figure 13. Proportion of students' performance based on the PISA proficiency test 11

Figure 14. Weak correlation between capital spending per student in 2020 and regional net migration rate 11

Figure 15. Weak correlation between capital spending per student in 2020 and population density 11

Figure 16. Distribution of students' socio-economic status in the NIS and mainstream schools across quintiles 12

Figure 17. Scholarship incidence in Kazakhstan (for students under 25 years old) 12

Figure 18. Spending on SP programs as percentage of GDP, 2016-2021 13

Figure 19. Spending on key SA programs as percentage of GDP, 2016-2021 13

Figure 20. Benefits incidence for SA programs across income quintiles, 2021, percent 14

Figure 21. The benefit-cost ratio of SP programs, 2021 14

Figure 22. Estimated leakage of SA programs, 2021 14

Figure 23. Division of spending responsibilities between the central government and SNGs (level of spending by level of govt, KZT trillion, 2021) 17

Figure 24. Spending by each tier of SNG (% of spending by each tier, by oblast, 2021) 18

Figure 25. Sources of SNG revenues, 2021 18

Appendix Tables

Table E.1. Summary of Reform Areas 20

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