Title page

Contents

Foreword 16

Preface 17

Acknowledgements 18

Overview 21

Abbreviations 40

Theoretical Framework 42

Chapter 1. Enhancing Human Capital and Boosting Productivity by Tackling Non-Communicable Diseases: Results of a research initiative 43

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 44

RESEARCH INPUTS AND POLICY DISCUSSIONS 46

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR KEY STAKEHOLDERS 68

CONCLUSIONS AND WAY FORWARD 70

REFERENCES 71

ANNEX 1.1. Toronto workshop agenda 72

ANNEX 1.2. Toronto workshop, list of participants 73

Chapter 2. Towards a Framework for Impact Pathways between NCDs, Human Capital and Healthy Longevity, Economic and Wellbeing Outcomes 74

INTRODUCTION 75

FACTORS IN DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORK, SOME DEFINITIONS, AND CROSS-CUTTING THEMES 76

HUMAN CAPITAL, GROWTH, AND COUNTRY WEALTH 81

INEQUALITY AND GENDER DIMENSIONS OF NCD AND HUMAN CAPITAL PATHWAYS 94

WELLBEING EFFECTS OF ADDRESSING NCDS 99

POLICIES AND INTERVENTIONS FOR NCDS AND HEALTHY LONGEVITY 101

CONCLUSION 107

REFERENCES 108

ANNEX 2.1 120

Economic Cost of Avoidable Mortality 124

Chapter 3. The Economic Value of Avoidable Mortality 125

INTRODUCTION 126

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 126

METHODS 128

RESULTS 131

DISCUSSION 140

CONCLUSION 143

DEDICATION 143

REFERENCES 143

Chapter 4. The Economic Value Associated with Avoidable Mortality: A systematic assessment by cause of death across world regions 145

INTRODUCTION 146

METHODS 147

RESULTS 150

DISCUSSION 160

REFERENCES 162

Chapter 5. Rates of progress in mortality decline, 2000-2019 164

INTRODUCTION 165

RATES OF PROGRESS OVER 2000-09 AND 2010-19 166

COUNTRIES' RATES OF PROGRESS DURING 2000-09 AND 2010-19 168

RATES OF PROGRESS IN CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY 171

COST OF SAVING A LIFE OVER TIME 173

REFERENCES 174

ANNEX 5.1. Interrupted time-series (ITS) analysis methodology 175

ANNEX 5.2. Methods used to estimate country performance during 2000 to 2019 176

ANNEX 5.3. Model using to estimate critical income 194

ANNEX REFERENCES 195

Behavior Change and Healthy Longevity 197

Chapter 6. Behavioral Aspects of Healthy Longevity 198

INTRODUCTION 199

A BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE FRAMEWORK FOR NCD POLICIES 201

NCD FORMATION: HEALTHY LIFESTYLE AND HABIT FORMATION 204

NCD DETECTION: SCREENING 208

NCD MANAGEMENT 211

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A POLICY TOOLKIT 213

CONCLUSION 219

REFERENCES 220

ANNEX 6.1 226

Chapter 7. Taxation of harmful products, including tobacco, alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and related topics 227

INTRODUCTION: THE CONSUMPTION OF UNHEALTHY PRODUCTS AND THE HEALTHY LONGEVITY AGENDA 228

THE CONSUMPTION OF HARMFUL PRODUCTS AND THEIR EFFECTS 229

TAXATION: ECONOMIC RATIONALES AND EFFECTIVENESS 233

EFFECTIVENESS OF PRICE POLICIES 234

RELATED TOPICS 238

COMBINATION OF TAXES AND NON-PRICE INTERVENTIONS 240

CHALLENGES FROM THE INDUSTRY 240

CONCLUSIONS 244

REFERENCES 245

Gender and Aging 257

Chapter 8. Gender Gaps in Health and Well-Being of Older Adults: A review of the burden of non-communicable diseases and barriers to healthcare for women and men 258

INTRODUCTION 259

GENDER DIFFERENTIATED HEALTH OUTCOMES OF AGING POPULATIONS 263

AGING, GENDER, AND DEMAND FOR SERVICES 274

SUPPLY OF HEALTH AND CARE SERVICES FOR AGING POPULATIONS 277

WOMEN AS LONG-TERM CARE PROVIDERS 283

DISCUSSION 287

REFERENCES 290

ANNEX 8.1. Cancer mortality and prevalence by type for older women and men 298

Chapter 9. Gendered Responsibilities, Elderly Care, and Labor Supply: Evidence from four middle-income countries 300

INTRODUCTION 301

DATA 304

METHODOLOGY 305

RESULTS 305

HETEROGENEITY 316

ROBUSTNESS CHECK 317

CONCLUSION 319

REFERENCES 320

ANNEX 9.1 321

Long-term Care 327

Chapter 10. Health and Long-Term Care Needs in a Context of Rapid Population Aging 328

INTRODUCTION 329

MAIN TRENDS IN LONGEVITY 330

AGING, HEALTH, AND THE CHALLENGES FOR HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS 334

INCREASING RISK OF FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCY AND CHALLENGES FOR LONG-TERM CARE SYSTEMS 355

FINAL REMARKS AND KEY POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 369

REFERENCES 372

CONSULTED SURVEYS AND DATABASES 381

Chapter 11. Demand for and Supply of Long-Term Care for Older Persons in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 382

INTRODUCTION 383

A DEMAND SIDE VIEW - CURRENT LTC LANDSCAPE IN MICS 384

A SUPPLY SIDE ASSESSMENT CURRENT LTC LANDSCAPE IN LMICS 397

DISCUSSION AND POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 404

REFERENCES 408

Social Protection and Jobs 411

Chapter 12. Exploring the labour market outcomes of the risk factors for non-communicable diseases: A systematic review 412

INTRODUCTION 413

METHODS 414

RESULTS 415

DISCUSSION 420

REFERENCES 422

ANNEX 12.1. Search strategy 425

Chapter 13. Productive Longevity: What can work in low- and middle-income countries? 426

INTRODUCTION 427

A GLOBAL POLICY AGENDA FOR AGING 428

WORK IN OLD AGE: SOME STYLIZED FACTS 430

WHAT HOLDS BACK PRODUCTIVE LONGEVITY? 436

PRODUCTIVE LONGEVITY: WHAT COULD WORK IN LMICS? 443

CONCLUSIONS: SOME META-LESSONS FOR PRODUCTIVE LONGEVITY 451

REFERENCES 452

ANNEX 13 458

Chapter 14. Adequacy Pensions and Access to Healthcare: Maintaining human capital during old age 459

INTRODUCTION 460

FINANCIAL PROTECTION 461

ACCESS TO HEALTH AND LONG-TERM CARE SERVICES 467

CONCLUSIONS 473

REFERENCES 473

Prioritizing Action 475

Chapter 15. Priority Setting for NCD Control and Health System Investments 476

INTRODUCTION 477

IDENTIFYING CANDIDATE NCD INTERVENTIONS 477

A FRAMEWORK FOR PRIORITIZING NCD INTERVENTIONS 479

POLICY IMPLICATIONS 484

REFERENCES 487

ANNEX 15.1. METHODS 489

Chapter 16. Control of Non-Communicable Diseases for Enhanced Human Capital: The case for whole-of-society action 491

INTRODUCTION 492

WHY FOCUS ON NCDs? 492

IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON NCDs 498

RATIONALE FOR A WHOLE-OF-SOCIETY APPROACH TO NCDs 499

ENGAGING NON-STATE ACTORS (FOR-PROFIT AND NON-PROFIT) 506

WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED SO FAR, AND WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 509

OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR A WOS APPROACH: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? 524

THE WAY FORWARD 527

REFERENCES 528

Monitoring Indicators for Healthy Longevity 532

Chapter 17. Healthy Longevity Initiative: A performance dashboard for decision-making in low- and middle- income countries 533

INTRODUCTION 534

CONTEXTUALIZING DASHBOARDS FOR PERFORMANCE MONITORING AND STRATEGIC ACTION 535

A COMMON FRAMEWORK FOR HEALTHY LONGEVITY MEASUREMENT 535

CASE STUDIES: SIERRA LEONE, INDIA, AND COLOMBIA 538

DISCUSSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 544

LIMITATIONS 548

CONCLUSION 549

REFERENCES 549

ANNEX 17.1. EXAMPLES OF DASHBOARDS FOR GLOBAL GOALS 552

ANNEX 17.2 560

Chapter 18. Assessing Human Capital, Non-communicable Diseases, and Healthy Longevity in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Healthy longevity dashboard and the case for India 561

INTRODUCTION 562

METHODS 562

RESULTS 567

DISCUSSION 570

CONCLUSION 571

REFERENCES 572

ANNEX 18.1 573

ANNEX REFERENCES 574

Appendix 1: Acknowledgments by Chapter 576

Appendix 2: Workshops and Consultations 580

TABLE 1.1. Determinants of log adult (40q30) mortality and effect of intervention on adult mortality 58

TABLE 3.1. Gap between observed and frontier life expectancy at birth in years, 2000, 2019 and 2050, globally and by region 132

TABLE 3.2. Total mortality and percentage of mortality that is avoidable in 2019, globally and by region, for all ages and by age 133

TABLE 3.3. Value of avoidable mortality in 2019 globally and by region and age group 136

TABLE 4.1. Causes of death 148

TABLE 4.2. Economic value of avoidable mortality as a percentage of annual income by region and cause of death, for the years 2000, 2019, and 2030 153

TABLE 5.1. Results from interrupted time series analysis of the change in mortality rates (per 100,000 population) from 2000-10 to 2010-19, by country income,... 166

TABLE 5.2. Top 10 and worst 10 performance rankings among 71 LMICs in the rate of decline of mortality, by sex and age: 2000-10 and 2010-19 168

TABLE 5.3. Diseases and conditions showing country income level and age group with the fastest and slowest progress in mortality reduction, 2000-19 172

TABLE 5.4. Global maximum survival rates and critical income levels, 1990 to 2019 174

TABLE 5.5. Top five LMICs with the lowest critical income for ages under 15 years, 15-49 years, and 50-69 years 174

TABLE 8.1. Key search teams for the review (not an exhaustive list) 261

TABLE 8.2. Typology to Classify a Country's Long-Term Care Services and Supports System 278

TABLE 9.1. Definition of long-term care by country 304

TABLE 9.2. Co-residency and long-term care provision among individuals ages 40 to 59 306

TABLE 9.3. Determinants of parental care, three-country pooled sample 308

TABLE 9.4. Labor supply among individuals ages 40 to 59 309

TABLE 9.5. Correlational effect on employment of providing long-term care to parents, by gender, four-country pooled sample 312

TABLE 9.6. Gender difference in the effect on employment of providing long-term care to parents, four-country pooled sample 313

TABLE 9.7. Correlational effect of providing long-term care to parents on employment, by country 313

TABLE 9.8. Correlational effect on employment of care hours devoted to parents, pooled sample from three countries 315

TABLE 9.9. Heterogeneous effect of long-term care provision by education level, pooled sample from four countries 316

TABLE 9.10. Heterogeneous effect of long-term care provision by presence of children in household, pooled sample from four countries 317

TABLE 9.11. Sensitivity check: including the number of adult females/males in households 318

TABLE 9.12. Correlational effect on employment of the intensity of long-term care provision to parents, pooled sample from three countries 319

TABLE 10.1. Years gained in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at birth, 1990-2017. Both sexes, by demographic group 332

TABLE 10.2. Reasons given by adults aged 60 years or older for not accessing health care services, by country income category 339

TABLE 10.3. Long-term care services by type 357

TABLE 11.1. Individual ADLs (Age 65+) 385

TABLE 11.2. Marginal Effects from Logistic Regressions of Having Difficulty/Needing Help with at Least One ADL 387

TABLE 11.3. Individual IADLs (Age 65+) 389

TABLE 11.4. Marginal Effects from Logistic Regressions of Having Difficulty/Needing Help with at Least One IADL 390

TABLE 11.5. Linear Regressions of Count of Cumulative ADL & IADL Difficulties/Help Needs 392

TABLE 11.6. Marginal Effects from Logistic models of receiving any care (Age 65+ having difficulty with an ADL or IADL) 395

TABLE 11.7. Marginal Effects From Logistic models of receiving formal care (Age 65+ having difficulty with an ADL or IADL) 396

TABLE 12.1. Total number of studies by countries + characteristics of 8 countries which produced the highest number of studies 417

TABLE 12.2. Frequencies of risk factors studied in included studies 417

TABLE 12.3. Frequencies of outcomes identified in included studies 417

TABLE 12.4. Frequency of studies associated with different combinations of exposures and outcomes 418

TABLE 14.1. Design and scope of non-contributory programs targeted to the elderly 461

TABLE 14.2. Additional dimensions to identify factors to incorporate in the concept of adequacy pensions 467

TABLE 14.3. Comparison of average shares of OOP health expenditure between households with elderly in the poorest quintile versus households with elderly... 471

TABLE 15.1. Interventions considered in this chapter 478

TABLE 15.2. Cost and impact of all NCD interventions by 2050, by world region 479

TABLE 15.3. Value for money among interventions outside the health sector 481

TABLE 15.4. Non-cost-effectiveness criteria for prioritizing clinical interventions 482

TABLE 15.5. Cost and impact of locally tailored high-priority NCD packages, by world region 484

TABLE 15.6. Total cost per capita for priority NCD interventions by year and country income group 485

TABLE 15.7. Workforce and facility requirements for implementing the high-priority NCD package by 2050 485

TABLE 16.1. Bi-directional relationship between selected non-health sectors and NCDs - some illustrations 504

TABLE 16.2. NCD Control and Prevention System in Japan 513

TABLE 16.3. Major NCD Management Initiatives in China 514

TABLE 16.4. WBG IPF Operations with a 〉50 percent focus on NCDs 520

TABLE 16.5. DPL operations relevant to NCDs supported by the World Bank Group, 2009-2019 523

TABLE 17.1. Key actions and related domains when developing a healthy longevity dashboard 537

TABLE 17.2. Healthy longevity dashboard indicators for Sierra Leone, India, and Colombia 538

TABLE 17.3. Data ecosystem features by domain and information infrastructure maturity level 545

TABLE 17.4. Proposed healthy longevity indicators by information infrastructure maturity level 546

TABLE 17.5. Key dashboard users, their purpose, and types of measures needed by users 547

TABLE 18.1. Key actions and related domains when developing a healthy longevity dashboard 563

TABLE 18.2. Indicator domains and indicators in the HLI dashboard for setting with moderate data infrastructure, and data sources for the India HLI dashboard 565

TABLE 18.3. Indicators of context- India, lower-middle income countries and world in 2019 567

TABLE 18.4. HLI health indicators (domains 1-6) and scores based on percentile rank approach (P) and z-score approach (Z) for India 568

TABLE 18.5. HLI social and economic indicators (domains 7-10) and scores based on percentile rank approach (P) and z-score approach (Z) for India 570

FIGURE 1.1. GDP and GDP per capita gains, average for 10 countries, with an NCD package 49

FIGURE 1.2. GDP with (perturbed) and without (projected) an NCD package 49

FIGURE 1.3. Illustration of the theoretical model in terms of individual optimizing behavior 51

FIGURE 1.4. Estimated health capital per capita (logarithmic scale), for 92 countries, 2011 US$ PPP 52

FIGURE 1.5. Effect of NCDs on health capital and health investment 53

FIGURE 1.6. Worsening adult male mortality in former Soviet states, 1950-2000 57

FIGURE 1.7. Substantial NCD burdens among children in low- and middle-income countries 62

FIGURE 1.8. Trends in the risk of dying between ages 50 and 69 in 25 countries, 1970-2010 66

FIGURE 1.9. Framework for analyzing health research needs 67

FIGURE 2.1. Human capital life course trajectory 79

FIGURE 2.2. Impact channels between NCDs and inclusive growth 83

FIGURE 2.3. Impact channels between NCDs and human capital across the life cycle 86

FIGURE 3.1. Frontier mortality rates from 2000, 2019, and 2050 131

FIGURE 3.2. Avoidable mortality as percentage of total mortality, year 2019 132

FIGURE 3.3. Avoidable mortality globally and by region, year, and age group 134

FIGURE 3.4. Gap in life expectancy at birth between observed/projected life expectancy and frontier life expectancy 135

FIGURE 3.5. Ratio of average VSMU to initial VSMU, for United States age group 0-1 135

FIGURE 3.6. Value of avoidable mortality as percentage of annual income for years 2000, 2019, 2021, and 2050 (projected) 136

FIGURE 3.7. Relationship between avoidable mortality rate, GNI per capita, and value of avoidable mortality 137

FIGURE 3.8. Age-group contributions to the total value of avoidable mortality and population composition by age in year 2019 138

FIGURE 3.9. Value of avoidable mortality for females and males as percentage of annual income in year 2019 138

FIGURE 4.1. Mortality frontiers (females and males) for the period 2000-2050 152

FIGURE 4.2. Economic values of avoidable mortality 158

FIGURE 4.3. Rates of change (percent per year) of the economic values of avoidable mortality assigned to selected causes of death 159

FIGURE 5.1. Change in risk of death at start of age range, by age group and country income level, 1990-2019 165

FIGURE 5.2. Preston curve showing the relationship between life expectancy at birth and income (Preston 1975) 173

FIGURE 6.1. Conceptual model of traditional and behavioral determinants of NCDs and healthy aging 201

FIGURE 6.2. Example of specific biases affecting hypertension formation, detection, and management 203

FIGURE 8.1. Structure and Linkages for Women and Aging in Health Review 262

FIGURE 8.2. Cardiovascular Mortality among older adults by regional and income aggregates 264

FIGURE 8.3. Ratio of female to male CVD mortality by regional and income aggregates 264

FIGURE 8.4. Cardio-Vascular Disease by Sex for Older Populations (ages 45 years and above) 265

FIGURE 8.5. Deaths due to Diabetes, Ages 45+ (by Income Groups and Regional Aggregates) 266

FIGURE 8.6. Ratio of female to male mortality due to diabetes by regional and income aggregates 267

FIGURE 8.7. Gender Gaps in Diabetes for Older Populations (ages 45 years and above) 268

FIGURE 8.8. Deaths due to Cancers, Ages 45+ (by Income Groups and Regional Aggregates) 269

FIGURE 8.9. Ratio of female to male mortality due to cancers by regional and income aggregates 270

FIGURE 8.10. Gender Gaps in Cancers among Older Populations (ages 45 and above) 271

FIGURE 8.11. Gender Gaps in Depressive Disorders among Older Adults 272

FIGURE 8.12. Gender gaps in self-harm among older adults (ages 45 and above) 273

FIGURE 8.13. Breakdown of Health Expenditure per capita in PPP, 2019 279

FIGURE 8.14. Out of Pocket Expenditures, 2019 280

FIGURE 8.15. Share of female LTC workers in select OECD countries (% of total, latest available year) 284

FIGURE 9.1. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and male-female labor force participation gap, four countries, 2013-2018 302

FIGURE 9.2. Share of individuals (ages 25 to 59) with a coresident parent and young children in the household 307

FIGURE 10.1. Population by broad age group (thousands), estimates 1950-2020 and projections 2025-2100 330

FIGURE 10.2. Years required or expected for the population share aged 65+ to rise from 7 percent to 14 percent 331

FIGURE 10.3. Healthy and unhealthy life expectancy at age 65 years, 1990 and 2017 332

FIGURE 10.4. Burden of disease, by disease type, 1990-2017 (% of total DALYs) 335

FIGURE 10.5. Percentage of countries that have a national strategy for chronic diseases and their risk factors, by demographic stage 344

FIGURE 10.6. Percentage of countries with policies that target main chronic diseases risk factors, by type of policies and country's demographic stage 346

FIGURE 10.7. Countries that have national dementia plans in place, and percentage of their populations aged 80 and above 351

FIGURE 10.8. Projected increase in health care expenditures due to demographic effects, 2010-2060 (in percentage points) 354

FIGURE 11.1. Having difficulty with any one ADL (Age 65+) 386

FIGURE 11.2. Needing help with any one ADL (Age 65+) 386

FIGURE 11.3. Having difficulty with any one IADL (Age 65+) 389

FIGURE 11.4. Needing help with any one IADL (Age 65+) 389

FIGURE 11.5. Average number of cumulative ADL & IADL difficulties (Age 65+ having difficulty with an ADL or IADL) 392

FIGURE 11.6. Average number of cumulative ADL & IADL needs (Age 65+ needing help with an ADL or IADL) 392

FIGURE 11.7. Care mix (Age 65+ having difficulty with an ADL or IADL) 394

FIGURE 12.1. PRISMA flow diagram in search and selection of records 415

FIGURE 12.2. Proportion of studies by World Bank Regions (World Bank 2022) 416

FIGURE 12.3. Differences in outcomes identified by biological sex 420

FIGURE 13.1. Demographic changes differ across regions, but aging is coming everywhere 430

FIGURE 13.2. Labor force participation for older workers falls with a country's income 431

FIGURE 13.3. Labor force participation patterns are similar over the life cycle across richer and poorer countries 431

FIGURE 13.4. In MICs, pension coverage remains low 432

FIGURE 13.5. Healthy life expectancy has been increasing across the globe 434

FIGURE 13.6. A policy framework for longer and more productive working lives 436

FIGURE 13.7. Participation in formal or non-formal training, by age 439

FIGURE 13.8. Access to training through employers is limited, especially in LMICs 441

FIGURE 14.1. Coverage of non-contributory pensions, % population 65+ 463

FIGURE 14.2. Old age social pension beneficiaries, % population 65+ 463

FIGURE 14.3. Benefit amount, % GDP per capita 465

FIGURE 14.4. Expenditure on non-contributory pensions, % GDP (latest year) 466

FIGURE 14.5. Projected share of 60+ in total population in SAR 466

FIGURE 14.6. Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure) 471

FIGURE 14.7. Average share of out of pocket health expenditure by quintile and presence of persons age 65+ 472

FIGURE 15.1. Cost per DALY averted for 24 clinical interventions, by health system type 480

FIGURE 15.2. Final prioritization of NCD interventions, by health system type 483

FIGURE 15.3. Contribution of NCD interventions towards avoidable all-cause mortality 486

FIGURE 16.1. Trend in global deaths and disease burden by major cause (annual rate, 1990-2019) 493

FIGURE 16.2. Trend in deaths and disease burden by major cause in LMICs (annual rate, 1990-2019) 494

FIGURE 16.3. Global Deaths Attributed to Major Risk Factors, by sex, 2019 495

FIGURE 16.4. Global disease burden from NCDs by age, 1990 to 2019 496

FIGURE 16.5. Components of a "whole-of-society" approach 501

FIGURE 16.6. Framework for multisector causation and impact of non-communicable diseases 504

FIGURE 16.7. Global policy actions relevant to sugar-sweetened beverages 510

FIGURE 16.8. Singapore's Healthy Living Master Plan 515

FIGURE 16.9. Singapore's "War on Diabetes" 516

FIGURE 16.10. Thailand's ThaiHealth Program 517

FIGURE 16.11. World Bank investment lending for NCDs between FY16 and FY20 519

FIGURE 17.1. Healthy Longevity Initiative conceptual framework of human capital (HC) across the life course 536

FIGURE 17.2. Criteria for selecting healthy longevity indicators 537

FIGURE 18.1. Criteria and process of indicator selection 564

Boxes

BOX 1.1. Key messages 46

BOX 8.1. Gender gaps and the life course 260

BOX 8.2. The Healthy Longevity Framework and Gender 261

BOX 8.3. Understanding Long-Term Care Arrangements 278

BOX 8.4. Provider behaviors and access to care for older adults 281

BOX 8.5. Improving Quality of Care through Standards and Practice in the OECD 282

BOX 10.1. When is a country "aging"? 331

BOX 10.2. Health and socioeconomic status 339

BOX 10.3. How is functional dependency measured? 355

BOX 10.4. The importance of timely and sound data 371

BOX 11.1. Data used for the demand side analysis 384

BOX 16.1. Rationale for WoS approach - a sample of arguments 503

BOX 16.2. Examples of Public-Private Partnerships for Non-Communicable Diseases 508

BOX 16.3. Clínicas del Azúcar: a retail approach to diabetes care 523

BOX 16.4. Georgia Healthcare Group: universal health care delivered through the private sector 524

BOX 17.1. Case study of a healthy longevity dashboard in Sierra Leone 540

BOX 17.2. Case study of a healthy longevity dashboard in India 542

BOX 17.3. Case study of a healthy longevity dashboard in Colombia 543

Maps

MAP 14.1. High shares of informality in developing countries 468

MAP 14.2. Global Aging in 2020 469

MAP 14.3. Global Aging in 2050 469

Spotlights

SPOTLIGHT 13.1. Ok, Boomer! The aging brain and implications for work 436

SPOTLIGHT 13.2. Gray matter - training for the aging brain 445

SPOTLIGHT 13.3. Individual learning accounts to foster adult learning 446

SPOTLIGHT 13.4. Generation - facilitating labor market transitions over the working life 446

SPOTLIGHT 13.5. Firms with age-sensitive management practices 449

Annex Tables

TABLE 2A.1. Mapping the human capital trajectory and its interactions with ncds across the life cycle 120

TABLE 2A.2. Selected policies for human capital and ncds across the life course 121

TABLE 2A.3. Human capital promoting policies during working life for accumulation, deployment and protection of HC 123

TABLE 5A.1. Results of the hierarchical model predicting levels of mortality, by age and sex 178

TABLE 5A.2. Performance rankings of 71 LMICs in the rate of decline of mortality, by age and sex: 2000-10 and 2010-19 179

TABLE 5A.3. Change in performance in the annual rate of decline in mortality under 15 years, 15-49 years, 50-69 years, and 70-84 years, by sex from 2000-10... 187

TABLE 5A.4. Deaths avertable globally in 2019 from specific causes of deaths and age groups if rate of decline was same as that from HIV/AIDS (ages 0-14, 15-49)... 195

TABLE 6A.1. Summary of Behavioral Economics Concepts 226

TABLE 9A.1. Correlational effect on employment of providing long-term care to parents 321

TABLE 9A.2. Gender difference in the effect on employment of providing long-term care to parents 322

TABLE 12A.1. Search strategy for Ovid (MEDLINE) Sample 425

TABLE 13A.1. Labor market data for older adults 458

TABLE 17A.1. Available Data to Better Understand Population Ageing 560

TABLE 18A.1. List of 33 lower-middle income countries with population of more than 7 million in 2020 573

TABLE 18A.2. Indicator data sources for the HLI India dashboard 573

Annex Figures

FIGURE 5A.1. Schematic representation of an interrupted time series analysis 175

FIGURE 5A.2. Mortality rate, global and by country income level, by age and sex, between 2000 and 2019 176

FIGURE 5A.3. Correlation between performance in mortality decline during 2010-19 among males and females 187

FIGURE 8A.1. Cancer Mortality by Type, Ages 45+ years 298

FIGURE 8A.2. Prevalence of Cancer by Type, Ages 45+ years 299

FIGURE 9A.1. Kernel density of long-term care provision by age and country 323

FIGURE 9A.2. Work hours and care hours gradient 324

FIGURE 9A.3. Correlation between time spent on long-term care and employment 324

FIGURE 9A.4. Correlational effect of providing long-term care on individual employment by choice of control group 325

FIGURE 9A.5. Correlational effect of providing long-term care on annual earnings by choice of control group 325

FIGURE 9A.6. Correlational effect of providing long-term care on work hours by choice of control group 326

FIGURE 17A.1a. Polio transition program monitoring and evaluation dashboard 552

FIGURE 17A.1b. Polio transition program monitoring and evaluation dashboard 553

FIGURE 17A.2. Global Malaria Dashboard - Campaign Dashboard 554

FIGURE 17A.3. Global Malaria Dashboard - Supply Chain Dashboard 555

FIGURE 17A.4. Page 1 of The Countdown Country Profile: A Tool For Action for Colombia 556

FIGURE 17A.5. Section of the Child Health and Well-being Dashboard 557

FIGURE 17A.6. Climate Action Tracker dashboard for Canada 558

FIGURE 17A.7. Section of the Open SDG Data Hub Country Profile: India 559