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Title page

Contents

Preface 3

Definitions 7

Acronyms 9

Chapter 1: Introduction and general principles 11

1.1. Presentation of the Fuel LCA Model 11

1.2. Purpose of the Fuel LCA Model Methodology 11

1.3. Related standards 12

1.4. General principles and fundamentals of greenhouse gas assessments for LCIF pathways 12

Chapter 2: Goal and scope of the Fuel LCA Model 14

2.1. Goal 14

2.2. Scope 15

2.3. System boundaries 18

2.4. Data collection and data quality 19

2.5. Data uncertainty 20

2.6. Co-product allocations 21

2.7. Greenhouse gases, biogenic carbon and land use change 22

2.8. Life cycle impact assessment methods 23

2.9. Limitations of the Fuel LCA Model 24

Chapter 3: Fuel LCA Model Data Library 25

3.1. Chemical inputs 25

3.2. Combustion emission factors 32

3.3. Electricity 34

3.4. Other energy sources 43

3.5. Feedstocks 44

3.6. Fossil fuels 63

3.7. Renewable fuels 72

3.8. Transport 75

Chapter 4: Fuel Pathways 87

4.1. Fuel pathway structure 87

4.2. Configurable processes 88

Appendix A: Supplemental parameters for unit conversions 96

Tables

Table 1. Select characterization factors for calculating carbon intensities using IPCC AR5 and AR6 GWP-100 24

Table 2. Fractions of hydroelectricity generation that are from reservoirs, by region 35

Table 3. Fractions of hydroelectricity generation that are from reservoirs, by state 38

Table 4. Geographical scope of barley, corn, wheat (durum and non-durum), and field peas included in the Model 48

Table 5. Parameters and data sources in geoFootprint 53

Table 6. List of feedstocks and conversion processes included in the Model for combusted renewable fuels 72

Table 7. Moisture content of solid renewable fuels and corresponding high heating values (MJ/kg) 73

Table 8. Geographical scope of camelina, canola, and soybean oilseeds used to model the oil from oilseed configurable processes 91

Table 9. Supplemental feedstock conversion values 96

Table 10. Supplemental parameters for low carbon intensity fuels (LCIFs). For gaseous LCIFs, HHV and density are provided at a volume at standard conditions 96

Table 11. Supplemental parameters for LCIF co-products 98

Table 12. Supplemental material input parameters 99

Table 13. Supplemental parameters for other fuels 100

Figures

Figure 1. The four phases of an LCA study adapted from ISO 14040 13

Figure 2. Visualization of the development of the Model Data Library 16

Figure 3. The five life cycle stages of LCIF in the Model 18

Figure 4. Processing overview for the production of hydrogen from SMR 29

Figure 5. Processing overview for rendering of animal by-products into animal fat 45

Figure 6. Cultivation overview for agricultural feedstocks, which represents the feedstock production life cycle stage 46

Figure 7. RUs in Canada 48

Figure 8. Crop residue collection process overview 57

Figure 9. Harvesting and feedstock production process overview for wood fibre feedstocks 59

Figure 10. Life cycle stages for gaseous fossil fuels included in the Fuel 64

Figure 11. Life cycle stages for liquid and solid fossil fuel 69

Figure 12. Life cycle stages for renewable fuels based on wood fibre included in the Model 72

Figure 13. Processing overview for the combustion of agricultural residue pellets 74

Figure 14. Top: five main life cycle stages. Bottom: general structure of fuel pathways in the Model Database 87

Figure 15. Top: six life cycle stages for FOESV. Bottom: structure of a Fuel pathway dedicated to FOESV in the Model Database 88

Figure 16. Processing overview for the production of corn oil in Canada and America 90

Figure 17. Processing overview for the extraction of vegetable oil feedstock from oilseeds 92

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