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Title page

Contents

Acknowledgements 8

Abbreviations 9

Sierra Leone WASH Poverty Diagnostic Sector at a Glance 11

Executive Summary 12

Chapter 1. Introduction and Overview 15

1.1. Investing in WASH for Better Human Development and Poverty Reduction 15

1.2. Objectives of the Sierra Leone WASH Poverty Diagnostic 16

Chapter 2. Country and Poverty Context 18

2.1. Geography and Demographics 18

2.1.1. Geography 18

2.1.2. Demographics 19

2.2. Governance structure 19

2.3. Poverty, Inequality, and Human Capital Development in Sierra Leone 20

2.3.1. Macroeconomic Background 20

2.3.2. Poverty and inequality status quo 21

2.3.3. Human Capital and Development in Sierra Leone 22

2.3.4. Children and Stunting in Sierra Leone 24

2.4. Poverty and WASH Linkages in Sierra Leone 25

Chapter 3. Water Resources and WASH in Sierra Leone 26

3.1. State of Water Resources in Sierra Leone 26

3.2. Measuring the state of WASH 30

3.3. Water service delivery 31

3.4. Sanitation service delivery 33

3.5. Hygiene facilities and services 35

3.6. Key issues in WRM and access to WASH in Sierra Leone 36

Chapter 4. WASH Policies, Institutions, and Regulations in Sierra Leone 38

4.1. Policy and legal framework 38

4.1.1. Phase 1: "Water Supply as a public health matter" 39

4.1.2. Phase 2: "Water responsibilities mainstreaming." 39

4.1.3. Phase 3: "Water as a development sector" 40

4.1.4. Policy Binding Constraints to WASH in Sierra Leone 42

4.2. Institutional framework for Sierra Leone WASH and water resources 43

4.2.1. Sector leadership 44

4.2.2. Service Regulation 44

4.2.3. Service delivery 45

4.2.4. Cooperating partners in WASH in Sierra Leone 48

4.2.5. WASH sector financing 49

4.2.6. Institutional Binding Constraints to WASH in Sierra Leone 51

4.3/4.4. WASH regulatory arrangements in Sierra Leone 52

4.3.1/4.4.1. Service provider regulation 53

4.3.2/4.4.2. Monitoring and Performance Reporting 55

4.3.3/4.4.3. Incentives and Sanctions 55

4.3.4/4.4.5. Regulatory binding constraints 56

Chapter 5. Key WASH Binding Constraints and Recommendations 58

5.1. Constraints and Recommendations (Learning from peers to improve WASH delivery in Sierra Leone) 58

Chapter 6. The Way Forward is Capacity Development, Policy Strengthening along with Priority Interventions and Scale-up Investment 65

6.1. Capacity development (WASH/WRM) for improved access to WASH 66

6.2. Policy strengthening and short-term priority investment in WSS 66

6.3. Impact at scale to achieve the SDG 6 67

References 69

Appendix 1. JMP SDG service ladders for drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene service level 74

Appendix 2. Legislation and Policy Framework for the Sierra Leone water and sanitation sector 75

Table 2.1. Absolute Poverty and Extreme Poverty, Sierra Leone (January-June 2018) 22

Table 2.2. HCI by Gender and Socio-economic Group 24

Table 4.1. SALWACO service coverage and production capacity 47

Table 4.2. Regulated Service Providers 54

Table 4.3. Monitored indicators 55

Figure 1.1. Overview of Poverty and WASH in Sierra Leone 16

Figure 2.1. Population in Sierra Leone Estimated and Projected 19

Figure 2.2. The political-administrative structure of Sierra Leone 20

Figure 2.3. Trends in Sierra Leone's HDI 1990-2021 23

Figure 2.4/Figure 2.5. Stunting in Sierra Leone 2000-2018 24

Figure 3.1. Water resource and use in Sierra Leone 27

Figure 3.2. River basin map of Sierra Leone 28

Figure 3.3. Geology and proposed groundwater monitoring network 28

Figure 3.4. Observed Annual Average Mean Surface Air Temperature, 1901-2022 29

Figure 3.5. Dam capacity per capita versus interannual variability 30

Figure 3.6/Figure 3.7. Nationwide Access to Drinking Water 2000-2022 31

Figure 3.7/Figure 3.8. Urban versus Rural Access to Drinking Water 2000-2022 32

Figure 3.8/Figure 3.9. Improved water source by district, percentage of households with improved source of drinking water 2019 32

Figure 3.9/Figure 3.10. Inequality in Access to Drinking Water in Urban Areas 2017 33

Figure 3.10/Figure 3.11. Nationwide Access to Sanitation 2000-2022 33

Figure 3.11/Figure 3.12. Sanitation by Facility Type 2022 (% out of those with access to improved sanitation) 34

Figure 3.12/Figure 3.13. Urban versus Rural Access to Sanitation 2000-2022 34

Figure 3.13/Figure 3.14. Inequality in Access to Sanitation 2017 35

Figure 3.14/Figure 3.15. Access to Hygiene Facilities 2005-2022 35

Figure 3.15/Figure 3.16. Access to Hygiene Facilities in Schools (2021) 36

Figure 3.16/Figure 3.17. Population and trends in WASH access 37

Figure 4.1. Sierra Leone's historic development of water sector policies 39

Figure 4.2. Sierra Leone WASH and water institutional arrangement 43

Figure 4.3. GVWC Billing and Collections 45

Figure 4.4. GVWC Collection Efficiency 46

Figure 4.5. The Trend of Domestic and Foreign Contribution to WASH Budget FY20-24 49

Figure 4.6. SDG Basic WASH Allocation Vs. Demand 50

Figure 5.1. Key WASH service delivery challenges in Sierra Leone 58

Figure 6.1. Key WASH service delivery challenges and preliminary recommendation for action 65

Figure 6.2. Proposal for a transformative WASH program in Sierra Leone 67

Boxes

BOX-1. AGED INFRASTRUCTURE - HINDERANCE TO GVWC OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY AND FINANCIAL VIABILITY 46

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