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국회도서관 홈으로 정보검색 소장정보 검색
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Title page 1

Contents 1

Abstract 3

1. Introduction 4

2. Setting and Behavioural Hypotheses 7

3. Models & Estimation 15

4. Data 17

5. Results 22

6. Conclusion 32

Reference 34

Tables 19

TABLE 1. Descriptive statistics by half at the 2022 World Cup and Euro 2024 19

TABLE 2. Estimation results for the determinants of added time (seconds) at the end of all halves of football during the 2022 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2024 24

TABLE 3. Estimation results for the determinants of actual added time (seconds) at the end of all halves of football during the 2022 FIFA World Cup 25

TABLE 4. Estimation results for the determinants of actual added time (seconds) at the end of all halves of football during UEFA Euro 2024 26

TABLE 5. Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition for the difference in actual added time (seconds) between the first and second halves at the 2022 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2024 31

Figures 20

FIGURE 1. Time added on in the first and second halves of all matches at the 2022 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2024 20

FIGURE 2. Time added on in the first and second halves of all matches at the 2022 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2024: Correlations with the absolute goal difference... 23

Appendix Tables 38

APPENDIX TABLE 1. Estimation results for the determinants of actual added time at the end of all halves of football during the 2022 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2024:... 38

APPENDIX TABLE 2. Estimation results for the determinants of actual added time at the end of all halves of football during the 2022 FIFA World Cup 2022: Poisson regression 39

APPENDIX TABLE 3. Estimation results for the determinants of actual added time at the end of all halves of football during UEFA Euro 2024: Poisson regression 40

초록보기

We study the objectivity of officiating under extreme pressure by analysing additional time played at the 2022 FIFA World Cup and 2024 UEFA European Championship. Controlling for within-match events, rules should be applied consistently across both halves of a football match. However, we argue that second-half time allocations could be increased by greater social pressure, intensity, and stakes, as final payoffs become imminent. Our analysis shows that, even after accounting for major stoppages and events – and despite identical rules – referees add substantially more time in the second half than the first.

Moreover, referees allow more stoppage time when the scoreline is close in the second half, but only at the World Cup because tight contests were cut short there in the first halves. These discrepancies raise concerns about the effectiveness of time-wasting strategies in the sport. More broadly, our results contribute to the discussion of decision-making under pressure and implicit biases in high-stakes environments.

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