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Title page 1

Contents 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4

SUMMARY 5

1. INTRODUCTION 8

2. CONTEXT 9

MIGRANT FAMILIES AFFECTED BY NRPF RESTRICTIONS 9

NRPF AND CHILDCARE ENTITLEMENTS 9

EXISTING EVIDENCE ABOUT IMPACTS OF UNEQUAL ENTITLEMENTS 11

3. METHODOLOGY AND RESPONDENT PROFILE 12

WHO TOOK PART? 12

4. MIGRANT PARENTS' USE OF CHILDCARE: A SNAPSHOT 13

TYPE OF CARE USED 14

ATTITUDES TOWARDS CARE 15

5. THE ROLE OF CHILDCARE IN ENABLING WORK AND FINANCIAL STABILITY 16

IMPACT ON WORK AND HOUSEHOLD INCOME 16

MODELLING THE IMPACT OF UNEQUAL ACCESS TO CHILDCARE ENTITLEMENTS 20

HOW MANY PEOPLE COULD BENEFIT? 23

6. THE BROADER IMPACTS OF UNEQUAL CHILDCARE ACCESS ON FAMILIES AND CHILDREN 24

IMPACT ON CHILDREN'S DEVELOPMENT AND WELLBEING 24

CHILDREN WITH SEND 26

PARENTAL MENTAL HEALTH AND WELLBEING 27

7. EXPERIENCES OF USING CHILDCARE ENTITLEMENTS 30

HELP TO UNDERSTAND AND ACCESS CHILDCARE ENTITLEMENTS 31

8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 33

THE CHANGE THAT PARENTS WANT TO SEE 34

RECOMMENDATIONS 35

REFERENCES 37

APPENDIX 1: METHODOLOGY 39

POPULATION ESTIMATES 39

MODELLING 40

APPENDIX 2: PROFILE OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS 41

FAMILY COMPOSITION 41

MIGRATION PROFILE 41

EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME 41

Tables 10

TABLE 2.1. SUMMARY OF CHILDCARE ENTITLEMENTS AND ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA ACCORDING TO IMMIGRATION STATUS 10

Figures 13

FIGURE 4.1. CHILDCARE USE INCREASES THE LONGER PARENTS LIVE IN THE UK 13

FIGURE 4.2. FAMILIES WITH ACCESS TO PUBLIC FUNDS VIA ONE PARENT ARE TWICE AS LIKELY TO USE CHILDCARE COMPARED TO THOSE WHERE... 14

FIGURE 4.3. MOST RESPONDENTS USED A NURSERY OR PRE-SCHOOL, WHILE ALMOST HALF USED A CHILDMINDER OR NANNY AND OVER ONE-THIRD... 14

FIGURE 5.1. BETWEEN ONE-QUARTER AND ONE-THIRD OF PARENTS ARE HELD BACK IN THEIR CAREERS BY CHILDCARE EXCLUSIONS 17

FIGURE 5.2. INSUFFICIENT CHILDCARE HOURS OR INABILITY TO ACCESS CHILDCARE NEGATIVELY IMPACTS FAMILY'S FINANCES 19

FIGURE 5.3. NRPF PARENTS WITHOUT EXTENDED CHILDCARE ENTITLEMENT EARN UP TO £3,200 LESS ANNUALLY AFTER CHILDCARE COSTS 21

FIGURE 5.4. NRPF HOUSEHOLDS SEE TAKE-HOME PAY DECLINE AFTER 22 HOURS OF WORK, COMPARED TO 35 HOURS FOR FAMILIES WITH ACCESS... 22

FIGURE 6.1. LIMITED CHILDCARE ACCESS LEAVES CHILDREN MISSING OUT - 55 PER CENT OF NON-USERS AND 49 PER CENT OF CHILDCARE USERS... 25

FIGURE 6.2. INADEQUATE CHILDCARE ACCESS IMPACTS MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH, AND HAMPERS FAMILIES' AMBITIONS 27

FIGURE 6.3. LIMITED CHILDCARE ACCESS NEGATIVELY IMPACTS FAMILY FINANCES, PARTNER WELLBEING AND CAREER AMBITIONS 28

FIGURE 7.1. MIGRANT PARENTS HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER AWARENESS OF CHILDCARE ENTITLEMENTS COMPARED TO THE GENERAL POPULATION 30

FIGURE 7.2. MIGRANT FAMILIES ARE FAR LESS LIKELY TO ACCESS CHILDCARE ENTITLEMENTS COMPARED TO THE GENERAL POPULATION 31

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