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Title page 1

Contents 1

Highlights 2

State Non-Assistance Spending and Unspent Funds Increased from 2015 to 2022 6

HHS's Existing Controls and Authorities for TANF Reporting Limit Oversight of State Spending 9

TANF Is a Key and Flexible Source of Child Welfare Funding for Some States 11

Selected States Reported Challenges Using Data on Certain TANF Non-Assistance Services and Said HHS Could Facilitate More Information Sharing Among States 14

HHS Has Not Implemented Procedures to Conduct Effective Oversight of TANF Single Audit Findings 15

HHS Identified and Assessed TANF Fraud Risks, but Its Processes Are Not Fully Consistent with Leading Practices 19

GAO Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments 22

Appendix I: Recent GAO Recommendations for Executive Action and Matters Related to Temporary Assistance for Needy Families 23

Tables 12

Table 1. Percentage of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Funds Spent on Child Welfare, by Number of States, Including the District of Columbia... 12

Table 2. Recent GAO Recommendations to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Related to Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF),... 23

Table 3. GAO Matters for Congressional Consideration Related to Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), as of April 2025 26

Figures 7

Figure 1. Change in Percentages of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Expenditures and Transfers by Category from Fiscal Year 2015 through Fiscal Year 2022 7

Figure 2. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Total Unspent Balances by All States, Fiscal Year 2015 through Fiscal Year 2022 8

Figure 3. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Single Audit Findings and Years Repeated, as of April 30, 2024 16

Figure 4. Categories GAO Identified That Describe the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Fraud Risks Identified and Assessed by the U.S. Department... 19