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Title page 1

Contents 3

Highlights 2

Letter 5

Background 7

Organizations Can Select from Various Cloud Service and Deployment Models 7

Operational Frameworks for Effective Cloud Management 9

Technical Considerations Related to Cloud Computing 11

Prior GAO Reports on Private Sector Leading Practices and on Agencies' Efforts to Adopt Cloud Solutions 12

Companies Reported 19 Leading Practices for Adopting Cloud Computing Solutions 14

Companies Reported Seven Leading Practices for Acquiring Cloud Computing Solutions 15

Companies Reported Six Leading Practices for Securing Cloud Computing Solutions 30

Companies Reported Six Leading Practices for Developing a Cloud Workforce 44

Companies Apply Various Methods to Address Cloud Adoption Challenges and Other Technical Considerations 54

Companies Addressed Challenges in Acquisition, Cybersecurity, and Workforce Development when Adopting Cloud Computing Solutions 54

Companies Identified Multi-Cloud and Cloud-Native Design as Key Technical Considerations when Adopting Cloud Solutions 59

Company Comments 61

Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 63

Appendix II: Survey Questions Administered to Private Sector Companies and Their Responses 69

Appendix III: GAO Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments 81

Appendix IV: Additional Source Information for Images 82

Related GAO Products 83

Tables 3

Table 1. Technical Considerations Related to the Adoption of Cloud Computing Solutions 11

Table 2. Seven Leading Practices Companies Reported for Acquiring Cloud Solutions 16

Table 3. Six Leading Practices Companies Reported for Securing Cloud Solutions 30

Table 4. Six Leading Practices Companies Reported for Developing a Cloud Workforce 44

Table 5. Potential Challenges Companies Reported for Adopting Cloud Computing Solutions 54

Table 6. Selected Federal and Nonfederal Cloud Computing Guidance Resources 63

Table 7. Private Sector Companies that Participated in a 2024 Survey on Cloud Computing Leading Practices 67

Figures 4

Figure 1. Nineteen Leading Practices that Companies Reported Using for Adopting Cloud Services 15

Figure 2. Security Responsibilities Associated with On-Premises Computing and Each Cloud Service Model 32