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Title page 1

Contents 1

Abstract 2

Acknowledgements 2

1. Introduction 3

2. U.S. paid sick leave 5

3. Data sources, outcomes, and summary statistics 11

3.1. American Time Use Survey 11

3.2. Time use outcomes 14

3.3. Summary statistics 15

4. Methods 18

5. Results 23

5.1. Time spent working 23

5.2. Time spent on childcare and associated activities 25

5.3/5.4. Discussion of magnitudes 29

5.4/5.5. Robustness and extensions 31

6. Discussion 34

References 36

Tables 44

Table 1A. Paid and unpaid leave access and use among wage and salary workers 22-59 years old with children in the household: American Time Use Survey... 44

Table 1B. Paid and unpaid leave access among wage and salary workers 22-59 years old with children in the household and no college degree: American Time Use Survey... 45

Table 2. Effect of a state paid sick leave mandate (lagged two years) on time devoted to work among adults 22-59 years old with children in the household... 46

Table 3. Effect of a state paid sick leave mandate (lagged two years) on childcare outcomes among adults 22-59 years old with children in the household... 47

Table 4. Effect of a state paid sick leave mandate (lagged two years) on specific types of primary childcare among adults 22-59 years old with children in the household... 49

Table 5. Effect of a state paid sick leave mandate (lagged two years) on other time-use outcomes among adults 22-59 years old with children in the household... 51

Figures 40

Figure 1. Effect of a state paid sick leave mandate on time devoted to work (minutes per average day) among adults 22-59 years old with children in the household... 40

Figure 2. Effect of a state paid sick leave mandate on childcare outcomes (minutes per average day) among adults 22-59 years old with children in the household... 41

Figure 3. Effect of a state paid sick leave mandate on specific types of primary childcare (minutes per average day) among adults 22-59 years old with children... 42

Figure 4. Effect of a state paid sick leave mandate on other time-use outcomes (minutes per average day) among adults 22-59 years old with children... 43

Appendix Tables 63

Appendix Table 1. States that do and do not adopt or announce a paid sick leave mandate by November 2024, and inclusion in the main analysis sample 63

Appendix Table 2. Sample sizes by years-to-state paid sick leave mandate for primary childcare among adults 22-59 years old with children in the household... 64

Appendix Table 3. Detailed ATUS activity codes used for time use outcomes 65

Appendix Table 4. Summary statistics for adults 22-59 years old with children in the household 66

Appendix Table 5. Effect of a state paid sick leave mandate (lagged two years) on any time devoted to work among adults 22-59 years old with children... 68

Appendix Table 6. Effect of a state paid sick leave mandate (lagged two years) on childcare outcomes among adults 22-59 years old with children... 69

Appendix Table 7. Effect of a state paid sick leave mandate (lagged two years) on specific types of primary childcare among adults 22-59 years old with children... 71

Appendix Table 8. Effect of a state paid sick leave mandate (lagged two years) on other time-use outcomes among adults 22-59 years old with children in the household... 73

Appendix Table 9. Effect of a state paid sick leave mandate (lagged two years) on any primary childcare (average day) and primary childcare... 75

Appendix Table 10. Effect of a state paid sick leave mandate (lagged two years) on primary childcare among adults 22-59 years old with children in the household... 76

Appendix Figures 53

Appendix Figure 1A. State paid sick leave mandates adopted or announced by November, 2024: Geographic distribution 53

Appendix Figure 1B. State paid sick leave mandates adopted or announced by November 2024: Temporal distribution 54

Appendix Figure 2. Trends in childcare outcomes among adults 22-59 years old with children in the household (minutes per average day) 55

Appendix Figure 3. Effect of a state paid sick leave mandate (lagged two years) on work time among adults 22-59 years old with children in the household... 56

Appendix Figure 4. Effect of a state paid sick leave mandate (lagged two years) on primary childcare among adults 22-59 years old with children in the household... 57

Appendix Figure 5. Effect of a state paid sick leave mandate on any primary childcare and minutes of primary childcare per average day if any primary childcare... 58

Appendix Figure 6. Effect of a state paid sick leave mandate (lagged two years) on primary childcare among adults 22-59 years old with children in the household... 59

Appendix Figure 7. Effect of a state paid sick leave mandate (lagged two years) on primary childcare among adults 22-59 years old with children in the household... 60

Appendix Figure 8. Effect of a state paid sick leave mandate (lagged two years) on primary childcare among adults 22-59 years old with children in the household... 61

Appendix Figure 9. Effect of a state paid sick leave mandate (lagged two years) on primary childcare among adults 22-59 years old with children in the household... 62

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