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Title page 1

Contents 4

About the Notes and Acknowledgments 5

Section 1. Introduction 6

Section 2. Theoretical Framework and Empirical Approaches 9

2.1. Theoretical Approach 9

2.2. Empirical Approaches 11

2.3. Literature Review 12

Section 3. Empirical Approach for Estimating Tax Buoyancy 14

3.1. Data 14

3.2. Estimation Approach 15

Section 4. Results 16

4.1. Country-Income Group and Regional Tax Buoyancy Estimates 16

4.2. Robustness Check of Panel Estimates with Controlling for Inflation 21

4.3. Controlling for Tax Rates 24

4.4. Business Cycle 26

4.5. Country-Level Estimates of Tax Buoyancy 26

4.6. Conclusions 34

References 35

Tables 17

TABLE 1. Total tax buoyancy 17

TABLE 2. Tax buoyancy , PIT 18

TABLE 3. Tax buoyancy, CIT 19

TABLE 4. Tax buoyancy, VAT 20

TABLE 5. Total tax buoyancy, controlling for inflation 21

TABLE 6. PIT buoyancy, controlling for inflation 22

TABLE 7. CIT buoyancy, controlling for inflation 23

TABLE 8. VAT buoyancy, controlling for inflation 24

TABLE 9. Tax buoyancy, with and without controlling for tax rates 25

TABLE 10. Tax buoyancy over the business cycle 27

TABLE 11. Total tax buoyancy in southeast European countries 28

TABLE 12. PIT buoyancy in southeast European countries 30

TABLE 13. CIT buoyancy in southeast European countries 31

TABLE 14. VAT buoyancy in southeast European countries 32