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Title page 1
Contents 3
Highlights 2
Letter 6
Background 10
Hurricane Hunter Aircraft and Operations 10
Developing Weather Forecasts 12
Hurricane Hunter Mission Requirements 15
Hurricane Hunter Reconnaissance Missions Have Increased Since 2014 Because of New Responsibilities and Other Factors 17
Tropical Cyclone Reconnaissance Missions Increased in Part Because of Greater Storm Activity and Demand for Data 17
Winter Season Missions Increased Substantially Because of New Reconnaissance Responsibilities 20
NOAA and the Air Force Face Staffing and Other Challenges to Completing Hurricane Hunter Mission Requirements 22
Missed Mission Requirements Have Increased Since 2014, but NOAA and the Air Force Have Not Tracked the Reasons Why 23
Limited Aircraft Availability and Staffing Shortages Present Challenges, and NOAA and the Air Force Have Not Comprehensively Assessed Their Workforce Needs 27
Insufficient Communication and Other Challenges Have Hampered Efforts to Replace or Upgrade Hurricane Hunter Aircraft 35
NOAA Plans to Acquire New Aircraft but Has Faced Several Challenges 35
The Air Force Has Identified Needed Upgrades to Its Hurricane Hunter Aircraft but Has Faced Implementation Challenges 38
NOAA and Air Force Senior Leadership Have Not Communicated on Efforts to Replace or Upgrade Hurricane Hunter Aircraft 40
Conclusions 42
Recommendations for Executive Action 43
Agency Comments and Our Evaluation 44
Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 46
Appendix II: Comments from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 51
Appendix III: Comments from the Department of Defense 54
Appendix IV: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments 57
Tables 3
Table 1. Tropical Cyclone Classifications 12
Table 2. Status of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Hurricane Hunter Aircraft Acquisitions, as of January 2025 36
Figures 3
Figure 1. Overview of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Air Force Hurricane Hunter Aircraft 11
Figure 2. The National Weather Service's (NWS) General Process for Forecasting Tropical Cyclones and Winter Storms 14
Figure 3. Process for Requesting and Completing Aerial Reconnaissance Mission Requirements 16
Figure 4. Number of Hurricane Hunter Tropical Cyclone Reconnaissance Missions, Calendar Years 2014 Through 2023 18
Figure 5. Annual Tropical Cyclone Activity in the Atlantic Basin, Calendar Years 2014 Through 2023 19
Figure 6. Number of Hurricane Hunter Winter Season Reconnaissance Missions in the Atlantic and Pacific Basins, Fiscal Years 2015 Through 2024 21
Figure 7. Completed and Missed Mission Requirements for Tropical Cyclone Seasons 24
Figure 8. Completed and Missed Mission Requirements for Winter Seasons 25
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