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Title page 1

Contents 3

Highlights 2

Letter 6

Background 10

Hurricane Hunter Aircraft and Operations 10

Developing Weather Forecasts 12

Hurricane Hunter Mission Requirements 15

Hurricane Hunter Reconnaissance Missions Have Increased Since 2014 Because of New Responsibilities and Other Factors 17

Tropical Cyclone Reconnaissance Missions Increased in Part Because of Greater Storm Activity and Demand for Data 17

Winter Season Missions Increased Substantially Because of New Reconnaissance Responsibilities 20

NOAA and the Air Force Face Staffing and Other Challenges to Completing Hurricane Hunter Mission Requirements 22

Missed Mission Requirements Have Increased Since 2014, but NOAA and the Air Force Have Not Tracked the Reasons Why 23

Limited Aircraft Availability and Staffing Shortages Present Challenges, and NOAA and the Air Force Have Not Comprehensively Assessed Their Workforce Needs 27

Insufficient Communication and Other Challenges Have Hampered Efforts to Replace or Upgrade Hurricane Hunter Aircraft 35

NOAA Plans to Acquire New Aircraft but Has Faced Several Challenges 35

The Air Force Has Identified Needed Upgrades to Its Hurricane Hunter Aircraft but Has Faced Implementation Challenges 38

NOAA and Air Force Senior Leadership Have Not Communicated on Efforts to Replace or Upgrade Hurricane Hunter Aircraft 40

Conclusions 42

Recommendations for Executive Action 43

Agency Comments and Our Evaluation 44

Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 46

Appendix II: Comments from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 51

Appendix III: Comments from the Department of Defense 54

Appendix IV: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments 57

Tables 3

Table 1. Tropical Cyclone Classifications 12

Table 2. Status of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Hurricane Hunter Aircraft Acquisitions, as of January 2025 36

Figures 3

Figure 1. Overview of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Air Force Hurricane Hunter Aircraft 11

Figure 2. The National Weather Service's (NWS) General Process for Forecasting Tropical Cyclones and Winter Storms 14

Figure 3. Process for Requesting and Completing Aerial Reconnaissance Mission Requirements 16

Figure 4. Number of Hurricane Hunter Tropical Cyclone Reconnaissance Missions, Calendar Years 2014 Through 2023 18

Figure 5. Annual Tropical Cyclone Activity in the Atlantic Basin, Calendar Years 2014 Through 2023 19

Figure 6. Number of Hurricane Hunter Winter Season Reconnaissance Missions in the Atlantic and Pacific Basins, Fiscal Years 2015 Through 2024 21

Figure 7. Completed and Missed Mission Requirements for Tropical Cyclone Seasons 24

Figure 8. Completed and Missed Mission Requirements for Winter Seasons 25