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Title page 1

Contents 1

Abstract 3

1. Introduction 4

2. Background 7

2.1. Related literature 7

2.2. Abortion Legislation in the 1960s and 1970s: The Road to Roe v. Wade 9

2.3. Mechanisms Through Which Legal Abortion Affects Subsequent Generations' Birth Outcomes 10

3. Econometric Method 12

4. Data 14

5. Results 17

5.1. Second Generation Infant Health 17

5.2. Heterogeneity Analysis 19

5.3. Correlates of Early Adoption 21

5.4. Robustness Checks 22

5.5. Second-Generation Disability Outcomes 24

6. Mechanisms 25

6.1. Composition of Women Giving Birth 26

6.2. First-Generation Prenatal Healthcare Utilization 27

6.3. First-Generation Infant Health 27

6.4. Effects on Zero-Generation Outcomes 28

7. Conclusion 29

References 31

Appendix A 53

Appendix B 54

Appendix C 79

Tables 36

Table 1. Summary Statistics 36

Table 2. Effects on Second Generations' Birth Outcomes 37

Table 3. Heterogeneity in the Effects on Birth Outcomes of Second Generation by Maternal Race 38

Table 4. Heterogeneity in the Effects on Birth Outcomes of Second Generation by Sex 39

Table 5. Effects on Second-Generation Disability Outcomes 40

Table 6. Exploring Mechanism Channels: Effects on First-Generation Sociodemographic Characteristics and Prenatal Care Utilization 41

Table 7. Exploring Mechanism Channels: Effects on First-Generation Infant Health 42

Table 8. Exploring Mechanism Channels: Effects on Zero-Generation Outcomes 43

Figures 44

Figure 1. Abortion Legalization across States 44

Figure 2. Time series Evolution of Preterm Birth Share and Low Birth Weight Share by Maternal Birth Cohort 45

Figure 3. Event Study Analysis to Show the Evolution of Second-Generation Birth Outcomes in Different Years Relative to the State-Specific Abortion Legalization Year 46

Figure 4. Event Study Analysis to Show the Evolution of Second-Generation Birth Outcomes in Different Years Relative to the State-Specific Abortion Legalization Year 47

Figure 5. Event Study Analysis to Show the Evolution of Second-Generation Birth Outcomes in Different Years Relative to the State-Specific Abortion Legalization Year 48

Figure 6. Estimated Coefficients across the Birthweight Ranks Within Gestational Age Distribution (Left Panel) and Across the Thresholds of Low Birth Weight (Right Panel) 49

Figure 7. Event Study Analysis to Show the Evolution of First-Generation Prenatal Care Utilization in Different Years Relative to the State-Specific Abortion Legalization Year 50

Figure 8. Event Study Analysis to Show the Effects on First-Generation Infant Health 51

Figure 9. Event Study Analysis to Show the Effects on Zero-Generation Infant Health 52

Appendix Tables 53

Appendix Table A-1. Correlation Between Early Abortion and State Characteristics 53

Appendix Table B-1. Adding Current Region by Current Year Fixed Effects 54

Appendix Table B-2. Dropping Early Reform States 55

Appendix Table B-3. Dropping Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Georgia, and Texas 56

Appendix Table B-4. Dropping Spillover States 57

Appendix Table B-5. Adding State-Specific Linear Time Trend for Pretreatment Years 58

Appendix Table B-6. Only Birth State and Region - Cohort Fixed Effects 59

Appendix Table B-7. Adding Birth State Infant Mortality Rate, Life Expectancy, and Continuous Measures of Measles Rate (1950-1965) and Polio Rate (1950-1955)... 60

Appendix Table B-8. Birth State Level Clustering 61

Appendix Table B-9. Weighting by Birth Count and Share of Females in Maternal Birth State Population 62

Appendix Table B-10. Weighting by Birth Count and Infant Mortality Rate in Maternal Birth State Population 63

Appendix Table B-11. Adding Birth State by Maternal Race Fixed Effects 64

Appendix Table B-12. Adding Birth State by Current State Fixed Effects 65

Appendix Table B-13. Adding Dummies to Capture Cohort-State-Specific Exposure to Contraception Pill Access 66

Appendix Table B-14. Utilizing Ordinary Least Squares Method 67

Appendix Table B-15. Additional Maternal and Paternal Controls 68

Appendix Table B-16. Adding Birth-State Gender Wage Gap 69

Appendix Table B-17. Removing California 70

Appendix Table B-18. Placebo Test: Shifting Abortion Years Ten Years Earlier 71

Appendix Table B-19. Placebo Test: Using Foreign-Born Mothers and Their State of Residence 72

Appendix Figures 73

Appendix Figure B-1. Event Study Analysis to Show the Robustness of the Results 73

Appendix Figure B-2. Event Study Analysis to Show the Robustness of the Results 74

Appendix Figure B-3. Event Study Analysis to Show the Robustness of the Results 75

Appendix Figure B-4. Event Study Analysis to Show the Robustness of the Results 76

Appendix Figure B-5. Event Study Analysis to Show the Robustness of the Results 77

Appendix Figure B-6. Event Study Analysis to Show the Robustness of the Results 78

Appendix Figure C-1. Event Study Analysis to Show the Heterogeneity by Race 79

Appendix Figure C-2. Event Study Analysis to Show the Heterogeneity by Race 80

Appendix Figure C-3. Event Study Analysis to Show the Heterogeneity by Race 81

Appendix Figure C-4. Event Study Analysis to Show the Heterogeneity by Gender 82

Appendix Figure C-5. Event Study Analysis to Show the Heterogeneity by Gender 83

Appendix Figure C-6. Event Study Analysis to Show the Heterogeneity by Gender 84