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Title page 1
Contents 1
Abstract 3
1. Introduction 4
2. Background 7
2.1. Related literature 7
2.2. Abortion Legislation in the 1960s and 1970s: The Road to Roe v. Wade 9
2.3. Mechanisms Through Which Legal Abortion Affects Subsequent Generations' Birth Outcomes 10
3. Econometric Method 12
4. Data 14
5. Results 17
5.1. Second Generation Infant Health 17
5.2. Heterogeneity Analysis 19
5.3. Correlates of Early Adoption 21
5.4. Robustness Checks 22
5.5. Second-Generation Disability Outcomes 24
6. Mechanisms 25
6.1. Composition of Women Giving Birth 26
6.2. First-Generation Prenatal Healthcare Utilization 27
6.3. First-Generation Infant Health 27
6.4. Effects on Zero-Generation Outcomes 28
7. Conclusion 29
References 31
Appendix A 53
Appendix B 54
Appendix C 79
Tables 36
Table 1. Summary Statistics 36
Table 2. Effects on Second Generations' Birth Outcomes 37
Table 3. Heterogeneity in the Effects on Birth Outcomes of Second Generation by Maternal Race 38
Table 4. Heterogeneity in the Effects on Birth Outcomes of Second Generation by Sex 39
Table 5. Effects on Second-Generation Disability Outcomes 40
Table 6. Exploring Mechanism Channels: Effects on First-Generation Sociodemographic Characteristics and Prenatal Care Utilization 41
Table 7. Exploring Mechanism Channels: Effects on First-Generation Infant Health 42
Table 8. Exploring Mechanism Channels: Effects on Zero-Generation Outcomes 43
Figures 44
Figure 1. Abortion Legalization across States 44
Figure 2. Time series Evolution of Preterm Birth Share and Low Birth Weight Share by Maternal Birth Cohort 45
Figure 3. Event Study Analysis to Show the Evolution of Second-Generation Birth Outcomes in Different Years Relative to the State-Specific Abortion Legalization Year 46
Figure 4. Event Study Analysis to Show the Evolution of Second-Generation Birth Outcomes in Different Years Relative to the State-Specific Abortion Legalization Year 47
Figure 5. Event Study Analysis to Show the Evolution of Second-Generation Birth Outcomes in Different Years Relative to the State-Specific Abortion Legalization Year 48
Figure 6. Estimated Coefficients across the Birthweight Ranks Within Gestational Age Distribution (Left Panel) and Across the Thresholds of Low Birth Weight (Right Panel) 49
Figure 7. Event Study Analysis to Show the Evolution of First-Generation Prenatal Care Utilization in Different Years Relative to the State-Specific Abortion Legalization Year 50
Figure 8. Event Study Analysis to Show the Effects on First-Generation Infant Health 51
Figure 9. Event Study Analysis to Show the Effects on Zero-Generation Infant Health 52
Appendix Tables 53
Appendix Table A-1. Correlation Between Early Abortion and State Characteristics 53
Appendix Table B-1. Adding Current Region by Current Year Fixed Effects 54
Appendix Table B-2. Dropping Early Reform States 55
Appendix Table B-3. Dropping Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Georgia, and Texas 56
Appendix Table B-4. Dropping Spillover States 57
Appendix Table B-5. Adding State-Specific Linear Time Trend for Pretreatment Years 58
Appendix Table B-6. Only Birth State and Region - Cohort Fixed Effects 59
Appendix Table B-7. Adding Birth State Infant Mortality Rate, Life Expectancy, and Continuous Measures of Measles Rate (1950-1965) and Polio Rate (1950-1955)... 60
Appendix Table B-8. Birth State Level Clustering 61
Appendix Table B-9. Weighting by Birth Count and Share of Females in Maternal Birth State Population 62
Appendix Table B-10. Weighting by Birth Count and Infant Mortality Rate in Maternal Birth State Population 63
Appendix Table B-11. Adding Birth State by Maternal Race Fixed Effects 64
Appendix Table B-12. Adding Birth State by Current State Fixed Effects 65
Appendix Table B-13. Adding Dummies to Capture Cohort-State-Specific Exposure to Contraception Pill Access 66
Appendix Table B-14. Utilizing Ordinary Least Squares Method 67
Appendix Table B-15. Additional Maternal and Paternal Controls 68
Appendix Table B-16. Adding Birth-State Gender Wage Gap 69
Appendix Table B-17. Removing California 70
Appendix Table B-18. Placebo Test: Shifting Abortion Years Ten Years Earlier 71
Appendix Table B-19. Placebo Test: Using Foreign-Born Mothers and Their State of Residence 72
Appendix Figures 73
Appendix Figure B-1. Event Study Analysis to Show the Robustness of the Results 73
Appendix Figure B-2. Event Study Analysis to Show the Robustness of the Results 74
Appendix Figure B-3. Event Study Analysis to Show the Robustness of the Results 75
Appendix Figure B-4. Event Study Analysis to Show the Robustness of the Results 76
Appendix Figure B-5. Event Study Analysis to Show the Robustness of the Results 77
Appendix Figure B-6. Event Study Analysis to Show the Robustness of the Results 78
Appendix Figure C-1. Event Study Analysis to Show the Heterogeneity by Race 79
Appendix Figure C-2. Event Study Analysis to Show the Heterogeneity by Race 80
Appendix Figure C-3. Event Study Analysis to Show the Heterogeneity by Race 81
Appendix Figure C-4. Event Study Analysis to Show the Heterogeneity by Gender 82
Appendix Figure C-5. Event Study Analysis to Show the Heterogeneity by Gender 83
Appendix Figure C-6. Event Study Analysis to Show the Heterogeneity by Gender 84
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