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Title page 1

Contents 3

Highlights 2

Letter 6

Background 10

Explosives in Nuclear Weapons and Production 10

NNSA Offices Responsible for Explosives Activities 12

NNSA' High Explosives Supply Chain 14

NNSA's Existing and Planned Explosives Infrastructure 18

NNSA's Ongoing and Planned Weapons Modernization Programs 21

NNSA's Explosives Supply Chain Faces Risks That NNSA Has Made Some Progress Mitigating 23

NNSA's Explosives Supply Chain Faces Numerous Risks 23

NNSA Is Working to Mitigate Supply Chain Risks 26

NNSA Is Working to Mitigate Specific Supply Chain Risks Related to Insensitive High Explosives That Could Affect Weapons Modernization Programs 27

NNSA Is Taking Steps to Mitigate its Explosives Infrastructure Risks, but Some Efforts Are Paused Due to Competing Priorities 30

NNSA's Existing Infrastructure Faces Three Risks 30

NNSA Is Pursuing Infrastructure Improvements but Paused Some Efforts Due to Competing Agency Priorities 32

NNSA Has Taken Some Steps to Improve Explosives Risk Management to Enhance Supply Chain Resiliency 37

Conclusions 42

Recommendations for Executive Action 42

Agency Comments 42

Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 45

Appendix II: Comments from the National Nuclear Security Administration 48

Appendix III: GAO Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments 50

Tables 3

Table 1. National Nuclear Security Administration Weapons Modernization Programs and Associated Explosive Type 22

Table 2. NNSA-Identified Risks Facing 11 Explosives Supply Chains, Fiscal Years 2022-2023 24

Table 3. NNSA's Explosives Program's Planned and Ongoing Line-Item Construction Projects, Fiscal Year 2024 33

Table 4. Extent to Which National Nuclear Security Administration's (NNSA) Management of its High Explosives and Energetics Program Followed Leading... 37

Figures 3

Figure 1. High Explosives Production Process 11

Figure 2. National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) Offices Involved in Explosives Activities 13

Figure 3. National Nuclear Security Administration High Explosives and Energetics Office Budget (in Millions), Fiscal Years 2019-2025 14

Figure 4. National Nuclear Security Administration and Department of Defense Sites Related to Nuclear Weapons Explosives Activities 15

Figure 5. Electrostatic Discharge Testing of Explosive Material at Sandia National Laboratories 16

Figure 6. National Nuclear Security Administration and Department of Defense Sites Involved in Explosives Supply Chain 17

Figure 7. Number of National Nuclear Security Administration's Existing Explosives Assets by Site, as of December 2024 19

Figure 8. Replacement Plant Value of Existing National Nuclear Security Administration Explosives Infrastructure by Site, as of December 2024 20

Figure 9. Major Construction Project Rendering for High Explosives Synthesis, Formulation, and Production Facility, Pantex Plant 34

Figure 10. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Built a New Laboratory Building in an Existing Atrium 36

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