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국회도서관 홈으로 정보검색 소장정보 검색

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Title page 1

Contents 1

Abstract 3

Introduction 4

Background 5

Institutions 6

Motives of Multiple Job Holding 8

Data and Descriptive Evidence 10

Empirical Method 15

Results and Robustness 18

Heterogeneity 21

Robustness 24

Conclusions 26

References 29

Tables 36

Table 1. Descriptive Statistics 36

Table 2. Balancing Results on a Subset of Covariates 37

Figures 32

Figure 1. Multiple job holding in Germany: absolute numbers (left axis in thousand) and employment share (right axis in percent) (1999-2022) 32

Figure 2. Minijob employment: main job, secondary job, total (Q1.2000-Q4.2023) 33

Figure 3. Baseline estimation results - full sample - 180-day MJH spells 34

Figure 4. Heterogeneity of treatment effects on daily wages and annual earnings 35

Appendix Tables 45

Table A.1. Control variables for entropy balancing 45

Table A.2. Baseline estimation results - full sample - 180 day MJH spells 48

Table A.3. Baseline estimation results - male sample - 180 day MJH spells 49

Table A.4. Baseline estimation results - female sample - 180 day MJH spells 50

Table A.5. Robustness check - full sample - 30 day MJH spells 51

Table A.6. Robustness check - full sample - 360 day MJH spells 52

Table A.7. Robustness check - Only never treated control observations - 180 day MJH spells 53

Table A.8. Robustness check - No control observations with 30-180 days of MJH at time of treatment - 180 day MJH spells 54

Table A.9. Robustness check - balanced panel - 180 day MJH spells 55

Table A.10. Robustness check - Fulltime plus Minijob as treatment 56

Table A.11. Robustness check - only 2006 treatments - 180 day MJH spells 57

Table A.12. Robustness check - Additional control for AKM-Effects in pre-treatment periods 58

Table A.13. Robustness check - Estimation results based on propensity score matching - 180 day MJH spells 59

Appendix Figures 39

Figure A.1. Annual propensity to leave the sample for treatment and control group observations 39

Figure A.2. Development of log daily wages in primary employment for different subsamples 40

Figure A.3. Propensity to be in part-time employment 41

Figure A.4. Propensity to be employed in Minijob as a main employment 41

Figure A.5. Propensity for gains in daily wages - subsample in continued full-time employment 42

Figure A.6. Mobility outcomes for individuals by similarity of occupation and industry across first and second job 43

Figure A.7. Baseline estimation results - separately for male and female subsamples 44