표제지
감사의 글
목차
Ⅰ. 서론 7
Ⅱ. 조사지역 12
Ⅲ. 조사방법 및 분석 16
1. 개체군 조사 16
2. 농경지(cultivated land) 및 취식지(feeding site) 유형의 구분 18
3. 인공먹이 제공지역 두루미류의 개체수 21
4. 차량에 대한 반응 조사 21
5. 교통량 조사 24
6. 먹이량 조사 24
7. 통계 및 분석방 25
Ⅳ. 결과 27
1. 두루미와 재두루미의 개체수와 분포 27
1.1 개체수 변동 27
1.2 분포 변화 27
1.3 취식지역 선택 30
1.4 취식지 이용 42
2. 인구학적 변수 및 가족군과 비가족군 44
2.1 가족수 및 비가족군 개체수의 변화 44
2.2 개체군내 유조의 비율 46
2.3 시기에 따른 가족 군의 유형 비율 변화 46
2.4 가족군과 비가족 군의 선호 취식지역 49
3. 먹이 공급의 효과 52
3.1 먹이의 종류, 양 및 공급 장소 52
3.2 먹이공급이 개체 군의 유인에 미치는 영향 52
4. 차량에 대한 두루 미와 재두루미 의 반응 55
4.1 도로 인근 지역의 두루미와 재두루미의 분포 55
4.2 도로인근 지역 두루미류의 차량에 대한 반응유형 57
4.3 도로인근 지역의 차량에 대한 반응시간 59
4.4 300m 이내지역에서의 거리별 반응시간 61
4.5 도로 및 시간에 따른 차량의 통 행량 차이 61
4.6 도로의 통행량에 따른 반응시간과 분포 변화 64
4.7 도로주변의 먹이량 64
4.8 차량의 속도에 따른 반응행동의 차이 68
Ⅴ. 고 찰 70
Ⅵ. 요 약 84
Ⅶ. 인용문헌 86
Ⅷ. Abstract 95
Ⅸ. Appendix 97
Table 1. Characteristics and sizes of study area in Cheorwon Basin 15
Table 2. Difference in feeding site selection of CCZ between Red-crowned Cranes and White-naped Cranes 2002~2003 31
Table 3. Correlation between Temperature, populations of Red-crowned Cranes (RCC), White-naped Cranes (WNC) and WFG (White-fronted Geese) in 2002~2003 41
Table 4. Characteristics of feeding site selection in Red-crowned and White-naped Cranes during the wintering season (from January to February 2004) 43
Table 5. Differences of feeding site in Red-crowned and White-naped Cranes (from January to February 2004) 43
Table 6. Kinds and amounts of foods supplied in 1998~2002 for cranes (kg) 54
Table 7. Red-crowned and White-napped Cranes population density (/㎢) in artificial feeding area and surounded areas in 2002~2003 (site A, B) 54
Table 8. Differences of frequency distribution among each range by distance from to the road in 2002~2003 55
Table 9. Difference of average distance from the road by number of flock in Red-crowned Cranes and White-naped Cranes in 2002~2003 56
Table 10. Differences of reaction in cranes by speed of car 69
Fig. 1. Map of study area. There were 4 areas and 32 sub areas, and 3 continuous roosting sites for cranes and 7 temporary roosting sites. Reservoir was used for a roosting site for a White-fronted Geese and cranes 14
Fig. 2. Modified figure of feeding site in agricultural land (Mainly rice paddy) 20
Fig. 3. Modifications of survey measuring the reaction of cranes to a stopping car 23
Fig. 4. Population fluctuations of Red-crowned Cranes (RCC) and White-naped Cranes (WNC) in Cheorwon basin. Wintering and migratory periods are distinct this study by fluctuation of population in wintering 2002~2003 (see method detail) 28
Fig. 5. Fluctuations of population in Red-crowned Cranes according to each area in 2002~2003 29
Fig. 6. Fluctuations of population in White-naped Cranes according to each area 2002~2003 29
Fig. 7. Population densities (km2) of Red-crowned Cranes in wintering season 2002~2003 (middle November to late February). CCZ line was presented by a bold line 32
Fig. 8. Population densities (km2) of Red-crowned Cranes in non-wintering season 2002~2003(from October to middle November and late February to March). CCZ line was presented by a bold line 32
Fig. 9. Population densities (km2) of White-naped Cranes in wintering season 2002~2003 (middle January to middle February). CCZ line was presented by a bold line 33
Fig. 10. Population densities (km2) of White-naped Cranes in non-wintering season 2002~2003(October to middle November and late February to March). CCZ line was presented by a bold line 33
Fig. 11. Population density fluctuations of RCC (Red-crowned Cranes) in each area 2002~2003 34
Fig. 12. Population density fluctuations of WNC (White-naped Cranes) in each area 2002~2003 34
Fig. 13. Correlation of population density between Red-crowned Cranes and White-naped Cranes in each area in wintering season 2002~2003. Sub-area A-4 (seokdadong), A-8 (yoolriri), C-2 (mulgoomi) and D-4 (daewiri) are skewed area to one species (r= 0.649, 36
Fig. 14. Population density of Red-crowned Cranes in categorized feeding site during November 2002 ~ February 2003 (Kruskal-wallis test, χ2 = 11.086, df = 4, p[0.05). Feeding site density of near reservoir is smaller than other f 37
Fig. 15. Population density of White-naped Cranes in categorized feeding site during November 2002 ~ February 2003 (Kruskal-wallis test, χ2 =19.34, df = 4, p[0.01) 38
Fig. 16. Difference of total rice grains among categorized area during October 2003 (Kruskal-Wallis U test, χ2 = 36.33, df =5, p[0.001) 40
Fig. 17. Population fluctuations of Red-crowned Cranes (RCC), White-naped Cranes (WNC) and White-fronted Geese (WFG) in 2002~2003. Left axis indicate population of cranes and right axis indicate population of White-fronted Geese 41
Fig. 18. Population fluctuations of family group and non-family groups and total in Red-crowned Crane in 2002~2003 45
Fig. 19. Population fluctuations of family group and non-family groups and total in White-naped Cranes in 2002~2003 45
Fig. 20. Seasonal population fluctuations and juvenile ratio in Red-crowned Cranes in 2002~2003 47
Fig. 21. Seasonal fluctuations of the population and juvenile rate in White-naped Cranes in 2002~2003 47
Fig. 22. Changes of number of family group in Red-crowned Cranes by each type. Family type Ⅰ: rs = 0.88, p[0.05. Family type : I (2 adult pair), II (2 adult pair and 1 juvnile), III (2 adult pair and 2 juveniles) 48
Fig. 23. Changes of number of familys in White-naped Cranes by each type 48
Fig. 24. Difference of population density of family and non-family group in Red-crowned Cranes among each feeding ground types in 2002~2003 (n=6) 50
Fig. 25. Difference of population density of family and non-family group in White-naped Cranes among each feeding ground types in 2002~2003 (n=7) 51
Fig. 26. Distribution of artificial feeding area for cranes in Cheorwon basin during 2002-2003. Feeding site A was not provided food by local peoples in recent season (after wintering season of 2001~2002) 53
Fig. 27. Ratios of reaction in the Red-crowned Crane to car stop in relation to distance from road 58
Fig. 28. Ratios of reaction in the White-naped Crane by car stop in relation to distance from road 58
Fig. 29. Duration time of reaction by distance from road and ratio of non-reaction flock (family or non-family groups). Arrow mark indicates no-reaction distance of Red-crowned Cranes (RCC) and White-naped Cranes (WNC) flock in march 2004 60
Fig. 30. Correlations between distance from the road and reaction time at March 2004. Red-crowned Cranes: r=0.77, p[0.001, White-naped Cranes: r=0.45, p[0.001 62
Fig. 31. Difference of traffics (no. of car/10min) among roads at March 2004 (Mann-Whitney U test, Z=-2.727, p[0.01). High traffic was road no. 3 and low traffic was road no. 11 located inner CCZ 63
Fig. 32. Differences of traffics between A.M with P.M in the road at March 2004 (Mann-Whitney U test, Z=-1.964, p[0.05, road 11: n.s ). High traffic was road no. 3 and low traffic was road no. 11 located inner CCZ 63
Fig. 33. Reaction time in Red-crowned Cranes by the road in each range at March 2004 (Mann-Whitney U test, 0-100, 100-200, 200-300: n.s) 65
Fig. 34. Reaction time in White-naped Cranes by the road in each range at March 2004 (Mann-Whitney U test, 0-100, 100-200, 200-300: n.s) 65
Fig. 35. Differences of Red-crowned Crane populations between A.M (10~12h) and P.M (14~16h) within 300m from the road in March 2004 66
Fig. 36. Differences of White-naped Crane populations between A.M (10~12) and P.M (14~16) within 300m from the road in March 2004 66
Fig. 37. Differences of average rice grain density (/㎡) between 0-100m and 100-200m range by distance from the road in March 2004 (Mann-Whitney test Z=-3.55, p[0.001, n=10) 67