Title page
Acknowledgments
Contents
Abstract 9
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 12
A. Research Questions 12
B. Literature Review 17
C. Purpose 19
D. Methodology 21
CHAPTER II. DEFINITION OF POVERTY AND FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY 23
A. Definition of Poverty 23
1. Absolute Poverty 24
2. Relative Poverty 25
3. Individual Poverty 26
B. Definition of Feminization of Poverty 27
1. Feminization of Poverty 27
2. Causes of Feminization of Poverty 29
1) Patriarchy 30
2) Gender Discrimination in the Labor Market 31
3) Insufficiency of Women's Welfare Policy 31
CHAPTER III. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PHILIPPINES AND WOMEN'S POVERTY 33
A. Characteristics of the Philippines 33
B. Actual Conditions of Women's Poverty 38
1. Traits of Women's Poverty 40
1) Aggravation of Women's Poverty in Informal Environments 41
2) Extreme Gap between Poor Women and Rich Women 43
3) Women in Poverty in spite of Works 44
CHAPTER IV. CAUSES OF WOMEN'S POVERTY 46
A. Family Systems and Filipinas 46
B. Labor Markets and Filipinas 50
C. Social-Welfare Systems and Filipinas 56
1. Welfare Laws and Filipinas 56
2. Welfare Policies for Women Heads of Households in Poverty 58
D. Unbalanced Educational Benefits and Filipinas 59
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION 64
Bibliography 70
[Table 1] Gap of Poverty between Rural and Urban Areas in the Philippines 14
[Table 2] Poverty Measurement in East Asia 40
[Table 3] Increasing Rates of Female Heads of Households in East Asia (%) 42
[Table 4] Increase of Filipina Heads of Households 42
[Table 5] Family System in Asia 46
[Table 6] Labor Force Participation Rate by Sex of Workers (%) 50
[Table 7] Rates of Women's Employment within Various Industries 51
[Table 8] Employment Rates of Jobs by Sex (%) 51
[Table 9] Rates of Women's Employment within each Occupation (%) 52
[Table 10] Type of Female Workers (%) 53
[Table 11] Women Worker's Rates of the Production Line in 1980, 1988 54
[Table 12] Social Welfare System in the Philippines 58
[Table 13] Basic Literacy Rates of the Population Aged 10 to 64 years by Sex 59
[Table 14] Women Participation Rates In University, 1977/1978 60
[Table 15] Average Monthly Income of Jobs (peso) 61
[Table 16] High Rank's Income of Jobs Vs Low Rank: High /Low 62