Title page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Contents
ABBREVIATIONS 8
ABSTRACT 9
Ⅰ. Introduction 11
A. Problem Statement and Hypothesis 11
B. Aims of the Study 13
Ⅱ. Review of Women’s Role in the Kashmir Conflict 17
A. Overview of the Kashmir Conflict 17
1. Independence in 1947 18
2. Post 1947 22
B. Images of Women in Kashmir Conflict 24
Ⅲ/CHAPTER Ⅲ. CRITIQUES ON THE ANALYSIS OF WOMEN IN KASHMIR CONFLICT 29
A. Theoretical Approach 30
B. Women as Combatants 32
C. Empirical Approach: A Case Study 35
Ⅳ/CHAPTER Ⅳ. WOMEN’S ROLE FOR PEACE IN KASHMIR 39
A. Analysis on Peace Activities 40
B. Kashmiri Women in Informal Peace Activities 42
1. WISCOMP (Women in Security, Conflict Management, and Peace) 43
2. NGOs at Grassroots Level 47
C. Kashmiri Women in Formal Peace Activities 49
Ⅴ/CHAPTER Ⅴ. FACTORS FOR EMPOWERING WOMEN IN KASHMIR 53
A. Political Mobilization in History 53
1. Women and Political Mobilization in Jammu and Kashmir 54
2. The Process of Political Mobilization 57
B. Manmohan Singh’s Economic Reforms 62
C. Changes of Kashmir Policy in India and Pakistan 69
1. Earlier Indo-Pak Rapprochement Efforts 71
2. Post-2003 Peace Process 73
Ⅵ. CONCLUSION 76
Bibliography 80
Figure 1. Location of Kashmir 18
Figure 2. Rivers in Kashmir 21
Figure 3. Map of Kashmir 23
Figure 4. Literacy Rates in Jammu and Kashmir 58
Figure 5. Educational Enrollments in Jammu and Kashmir 58
Figure 6. Number of Newspapers published in Jammu and Kashmir 60
Figure 7. Jammu and Kashmir’s GSDP 64
Figure 8. Change in Sectoral Composition of GSDP 1993-94 / 2001-02 64
Figure 9. Distribution of Households by Income 65
Figure 10. Key Industries in Jammu and Kashmir 66
Figure 11. Per Capita Monthly Expenditure (1999 - 2000) 67
Figure 12. Poverty Ratio (1999-2000) 68