표제지
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
Contents
I. INTRODUCTION 11
II. FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION AFRICA 19
A. Status women in Africa 19
1. Overall status of women in Africa 19
2. African women and education 26
3. Women and information technology in Africa 31
B. The Origin of general GM and the definition of FGM 33
1. The definition and origin of General GM 33
2. The definition and the historical background of FGM 35
C. The situation of FGM in Africa 38
1. The types and procedure of FGM 38
2. The Prevalence of FGM 41
3. The complications of FGM 47
III. APPROACH WAYS TO ABANDON FGM 60
A. Global Efforts and domestic efforts 60
1. Global Efforts to Stop FGM 60
2. The short histories: Attempts to eradicate FGM in other countries 63
3. The efforts in Africa 67
B. The trials of international Organizations and NGOs to stop FGM 69
1. International Organization 74
2. NGOs 77
IV. THE CHALLENGES FOR STOPPING FGM AND THE IMPORTANCE OF NGOs' ROLES 80
A. The challenges and difficulties to eradicate FGM by traditions and cultures 80
B. The importance of NGOs' Roles for stopping FGM 83
1. The importance of NGOs' Roles 83
2. The examples of NGOs' roles for stopping FGM 87
V. CONCLUSION 93
BIBLIOGRAPHY 98
Table1. Family Law - Africa 20
Table2. Family Law - ASIA 21
Table3. Family Law - Middle East 22
Table4. Projected adult literacy rates by sex. (% literate adults in the population aged 15 or over) 27
Table5. Male and female enrolment ratios by level of education in 1970. and 1990 (% estimates) 28
Table6. Public expenditure on education, 1970-1988 28
Table7. Student enrolment in selected polytechnics in nine African countries, 1989 29
Table8. Distribution of teaching staff in selected polytechnics in eight African (% estimates) 30
Table9. ESTIMATE:TOTAL NUMBER OF GIRLS AND WOMEN MUTILATED IN AFRICA 44
Table10. FGM Practices by Country 45
Table11. Distribution of FGM status according to background characteristics 46
Table12. Perceived reasons for the community practising FGM 55
Table13. Person reported to make the decision for circumcision by ethnic group 55
Table14. Sanctions and Tolerance of FGM in Some Western Countries 67
Table15. rican NGO's Sorted by country 69
Table16. NGOs: Women in Development Sorted by region 72
Figure1. Percentage of women in economic activity 23
Figure2. Women in governmental decision-making (% of all posltions, 1994) 24
Figure3. Gross enrolment ratios* 25
Figure4. Better reproductive health care vital for African women 26
Figure5. The Types of FGM 38
Figure6. Normal female genital anatomy. (from American Academy of Pediatrics, PEDIATRICS Vol. 102 No. 1 Jul 1998, pp. 153-156) Figure6 shows the normal genital anatomy of a prepube 39
Figure7. Type I. female genital mutilation, from American Academy of Pediatrics, PEDIATRICS Vol. 102 No. 1 Jul 1998, pp. 153-156: 39
Figure8. Type II. female genital mutilation, from American Academy of Pediatrics, PEDIATRICS Vol. 102 No. 1 Jul 1998, pp. 153-156: 40
Figure9. Type III. female genital mutilation, American Academy of Pediatrics, PEDIATRICS Vol. 102 No. 1 Jul 1998, pp. 153-156: 40
Figure10. FGM prevalence among women aged 15-49 42
Figure11. The Legend of FGM, 2001 and 2004 43
Figure12. Median age at circumcision for mothers and daughters 54
Figure13. Immediate FGM-Related Complications in Four Kenyan Districts 56
Figure14. Chronic FGM-Related Complications Encountered by Health Providers in Kenya 58
Figure15. Reasons for Supporting FGM in Egypt, Mali, Central African Republic, and Eritrea 81
Figure16. Prevalence(percent) of FGM/C among daughters, by mother's education 88
Box 1 - The emergence of FGM/C as a human rights issue 49
Box 2 - Some recent concluding observations 51
Box 3 - Organized diffusion begins in Senegal 88
Box 4 - Communication for social change. 92