Title Page
Contents
ABSTRACT 11
I. Introduction 13
II. Food Security 19
1. The Concept of Food Security 19
1) Definition of Food Security 19
2) Food Security Paradigm 22
2. World Food Situations and Issues 24
1) World Food Trend 1980-2010 24
2) Imbalance of Food Supply and Demand 28
3. Food Security Policy in Underdeveloped Countries 31
1) African Region 33
2) Asian region 36
III. Risk Factors of World Food Security 40
1. Demand Aspect 41
1) Constant rise and diversification of demand 41
2) Biofuel Production and Increase Demand for Grain 47
2. Supply Aspects 49
1) Increase of Weather Phenomena Due to the Climate Changes 49
2) Supply Instability Due to Weaponization of Food 51
3) Production Decline Due to the Water, Land and Environment Pollution 53
3. Trade Aspect 55
1) Instabilities of World Grain Market System: Structure of Sales Volume Compared to the Production Rate 55
2) Grain Majors and International Grains Market 59
4. National Aspect 60
1) Domestic Conflict and Political 60
2) Government Effectiveness 61
IV. Food Security Analysis of Underdeveloped Countries 63
1. Maplecrofts Food Security Method 63
1) Demand Aspect 64
2) Supply Aspect 66
3) Trade Aspect 67
4) National Aspect 68
2. Select Underdeveloped Countries 69
3. Analysis 71
1) T-test 71
2) Correlations 75
4. Results 77
1) FSRI Comparison between African region and Asian Region 77
V. Conclusions and Implications 89
VI. References 93
APPENDICES 104
Appendix 1. Prevalence of undernourishment in total population 104
Appendix 2. Children aged 〈5 underweight for age(1998-09) 105
Appendix 3. Under 5 mortality rate 106
Appendix 4. Cereal Production quantity (tons) 2008 107
Appendix 5. Consumer price index (Food) , 3-year avg: 2006-08 108
Appendix 6. Share of cereals in import (all commodities) 109
Appendix 7. Share of food aid in total consumption(%) 2004-06 110
Appendix 8. Natural Disasters Index 111
Appendix 9. Current account balance (US dollors)2007-8 112
Appendix 10. Conflict and Political Violence Index 113
Appendix 11. GDP per capita (PPP) 2009 114
Appendix 12. Goverment effectiveness index 115
Appendix 13. Asian Region and Africa Region(independant t-test) 116
ABBREVIATION 117
Table 1. Diverse Concepts of Food Security by Scholars 21
Table 2. Status of World Total Grain Supply and Demand 27
Table 3. Undernourished Population in Africa Region 34
Table 4. Undernourished Population in Asia Region 37
Table 5. world Undernourishment Population and Percent 42
Table 6. Export Restriction and Import Extension Cases 52
Table 7. Climate Change Ripple Effects of Agriculture 55
Table 8. Trade Volume against World Grain Production 56
Table 9. Field of Shares of Grain Majors 58
Table 10. Names of African Regions and Asian Regions of Underdeveloped Countries 70
Table 11. Differences between Asian and African Regions Aspect of Demand 71
Table 12. Differences Between Asian and African Regions Aspect of Supply 73
Table 13. Differences between Asian and African Regions Aspect of Trade 74
Table 14. Differences between Asian and African Regions Aspect of National 74
Table 15. Correlation between Indices 75
Figure 1. IMF Agricultural Food Price 24
Figure 2. Status of World Total Grain Supply and Demand 28
Figure 3. World Population 1965-2050 29
Figure 4. Number of Hungry People in the World(2010) 32
Figure 5. Population of the Food Insecure in Africa 35
Figure 6. Population of the Food Insecure in Asia 39
Figure 7. World Population Prospects 42
Figure 8. World Urbanization Prospects 43
Figure 9. Cereal Production, Utilization and Stocks 46
Figure 10. Amount of Food Assistance (Grains) by Regions 47
Figure 11. the Ratio of Alcohol for Fuel Production among U.S. Corn Production 48
Figure 12. U.S. Corn and Oil Prices 49
Figure 13. Frequency of World Natural Catastrophes 50
Figure 14. Major Causes of Death in Children Under 5 Years Old with Disease-Specific of Undernutrition (2004) 80
Figure 15. Children Who Live in Poorer Households and Rural Areas and Whose Mothers have Less Education are at Higher Risk of Dying Before Age 5 81
Figure 16. Relationship between Child Underweight rates (2003 -2009) and GDP per Capita (2009) 84