Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
I. INTRODUCTION 16
A. BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE OF STUDY 16
B. PROBLEMS AND HYPOTHESIS 18
C. METHODOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION 23
II. ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK 26
A. SECURITY IDENTITY OF DOMESTIC ANTIMILITARISM 26
1. What is Security Identity of Domestic Antimilitarism? 26
2. Security Identity of Domestic Antimilitarism in Japan and Germany 28
3. The Institutionalized Security Identity of Domestic Antimilitarism in Japan and Germany 31
4. Conclusion 36
B. PARTY POLITICS 38
1. Role of Political Parties 38
2. Determinants of a Security Policy Stance 44
3. The Role of Political Parties in the Evolution of the Security Identity of Domestic Antimilitarism 47
III. CASE STUDY OF GERMANY: THE BOSNIAN WAR AND EVOLUTION OF GERMAN SECURITY IDENTITY 52
A. SHAPING CONDITIONS FOR NEW SECURITY PRACTICES 52
1. New Security Environment 52
2. The Rise of Tension in the Balkans 54
3. Foreign Expectations 56
B. PARTY AS A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE PUBLIC 59
C. PARTY AS POLICY MAKER: POLICY ORIENTATIONS AND PARTIES9 BASIC SECURITY POLICY STANCES 62
1. Brief Explanation 62
2. The Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 63
3. The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 69
4. The Free Democratic Party (FDP) 74
5. The Greens 76
D. PARTIES AS POLICY COMPETITORS 78
1. The Debate within the Ruling Party 79
2. Discussion with the Opposition Parties 83
E. CONCLUSION 86
IV. CASE STUDY OF JAPAN: THE WAR ON TERRORISM IN AFGHANISTAN AND EVOLUTION OF JAPANESE SECURITY IDENTITY 90
A. SHAPING CONDITIONS FOR NEW SECURITY PRACTICES 90
1. New Security Environment 90
2. Foreign Expectations 92
B. PARTY AS A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE PUBLIC 95
C. PARTY AS POLICY MAKER: POLICY ORIENTATIONS AND PARTIES' BASIC SECURITY POLICY STANCES 97
1. Brief Explanations 97
2. Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) 99
3. The Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ): From Creation to Now 110
4. Pacifist Parties 116
5. The Komeito 118
D. PARTIES AS POLICY COMPETITORS 119
1. Discussion within the Ruling Parties 120
2. Discussion with Opposition Parties 126
E. CONCLUSION 130
V. CONCLUSIONS 134
LIST OF REFERENCES 140
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 156
Table 1. Central tenets of Japan's and Germany's security identity of domestic... 28
Table 2. Institutionalized security identity of domestic antimilitarism 33
Table 3. European Nations' Contributions to the Bosnian War (After: Dayson,... 57
Table 4. Support for out-of-area missions and the Bosnian War (After: Juhasz,... 59
Table 5. German Attitudes Toward Military and nonmilitary Missions (After:... 60
Figure 1. Genealogy of Factions (1955-2000) (From: Neary, 2002) 101